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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to sound”).[1]
Verb
*swaryeti
- to laugh
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swaryū
|
*swaryemam
|
*siswrisū
|
*seswora
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swaryesi
|
*swaryetās
|
*siswrisesi
|
*sesworas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swaryeti
|
*swaryeto
|
*siswriseti
|
*seswore
|
| 1st plural
|
*swaryomosi
|
*swaryemo
|
*siswrisomosi
|
*seswormo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swaryetesi
|
*swaryestē
|
*siswrisetesi
|
*seswore
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swaryonti
|
*swaryento
|
*siswrisonti
|
*sesworars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*swersū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swersesi
|
?
|
*swarye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swerseti
|
?
|
*swaryetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*swersomosi
|
?
|
*swaryomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swersetesi
|
?
|
*swaryete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swersonti
|
?
|
*swaryontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swaryūr
|
—
|
*siswrisūr
|
*sesworra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swaryetar
|
—
|
*siswrisetar
|
*sesworras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swaryetor
|
?
|
*siswrisetor
|
*sesworre
|
| 1st plural
|
*swaryommor
|
—
|
*siswrisommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swaryedwe
|
—
|
*siswrisedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swaryontor
|
?
|
*siswrisontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*swersūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swersetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swersetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*swersommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swersedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swersontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryonts
|
*swaryonte
|
*swaryontes
|
| vocative
|
*swaryonts
|
*swaryonte
|
*swaryontes
|
| accusative
|
*swaryontam
|
*swaryonte
|
*swaryontans
|
| genitive
|
*swaryantos
|
*?
|
*swaryantom
|
| dative
|
*swaryantei
|
*swaryantbom
|
*swaryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swaryantī?
|
*swaryantbim
|
*swaryantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryantī
|
*swaryantī
|
*swaryantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*swaryantī
|
*swaryantī
|
*swaryantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*swaryantīm
|
*swaryantī
|
*swaryantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*swaryantyās
|
*?
|
*swaryantyom
|
| dative
|
*swaryantyāi
|
*swaryantyābom
|
*swaryantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swaryantyābim
|
*swaryantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryont
|
*?
|
*swaryonta
|
| vocative
|
*swaryont
|
*?
|
*swaryonta
|
| accusative
|
*swaryont
|
*?
|
*swaryonta
|
| genitive
|
*swaryantos
|
*?
|
*swaryantom
|
| dative
|
*swaryantei
|
*?
|
*swaryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swaryantī?
|
*?
|
*swaryantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryomnos
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*swaryomne
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*swaryomnom
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnons
|
| genitive
|
*swaryomnī
|
*swaryomnous
|
*swaryomnom
|
| dative
|
*swaryomnūi
|
*swaryomnobom
|
*swaryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swaryomnū
|
*swaryomnobim
|
*swaryomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryomnā
|
*swaryomnai
|
*swaryomnās
|
| vocative
|
*swaryomnā
|
*swaryomnai
|
*swaryomnās
|
| accusative
|
*swaryomnam
|
*swaryomnai
|
*swaryomnans
|
| genitive
|
*swaryomnās
|
*swaryomnous
|
*swaryomnom
|
| dative
|
*swaryomnai
|
*swaryomnābom
|
*swaryomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swaryomnābim
|
*swaryomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swaryomnom
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnā
|
| vocative
|
*swaryomnom
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnā
|
| accusative
|
*swaryomnom
|
*swaryomnou
|
*swaryomnā
|
| genitive
|
*swaryomnī
|
*swaryomnous
|
*swaryomnom
|
| dative
|
*swaryomnūi
|
*swaryomnobom
|
*swaryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swaryomnū
|
*swaryomnobim
|
*swaryomnobis
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Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd
- Middle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)
- Old Cornish: hwerthin
- Old Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swar-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361