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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *sweysd- (“to hiss”), of imitative origin; see also Ancient Greek σίζω (sízō, “I hiss”), Russian свиста́ть (svistátʹ).
Verb
*swizdeti[1]
- to blow
Declension
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swizdū
|
*swizdemam
|
*siswissū
|
*siswoizda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swizdesi
|
*swizdetās
|
*siswissesi
|
*siswoizdas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swizdeti
|
*swizdeto
|
*siswisseti
|
*siswoizde
|
| 1st plural
|
*swizdomosi
|
*swizdemo
|
*siswissomosi
|
*siswoizdmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swizdetesi
|
*swizdestē
|
*siswissetesi
|
*siswoizsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swizdonti
|
*swizdento
|
*siswissonti
|
*siswoizdars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweissū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweissesi
|
?
|
*swizde
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweisseti
|
?
|
*swizdetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweissomosi
|
?
|
*swizdomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweissetesi
|
?
|
*swizdete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweissonti
|
?
|
*swizdontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swizdūr
|
—
|
*siswissūr
|
*siswoizdra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swizdetar
|
—
|
*siswissetar
|
*siswoizdras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swizdetor
|
?
|
*siswissetor
|
*siswoizdre
|
| 1st plural
|
*swizdommor
|
—
|
*siswissommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swizdedwe
|
—
|
*siswissedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swizdontor
|
?
|
*siswissontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweissūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweissetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweissetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweissommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweissedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweissontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdonts
|
*swizdonte
|
*swizdontes
|
| vocative
|
*swizdonts
|
*swizdonte
|
*swizdontes
|
| accusative
|
*swizdontam
|
*swizdonte
|
*swizdontans
|
| genitive
|
*swizdantos
|
*?
|
*swizdantom
|
| dative
|
*swizdantei
|
*swizdantbom
|
*swizdantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swizdantī?
|
*swizdantbim
|
*swizdantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdantī
|
*swizdantī
|
*swizdantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*swizdantī
|
*swizdantī
|
*swizdantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*swizdantīm
|
*swizdantī
|
*swizdantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*swizdantyās
|
*?
|
*swizdantyom
|
| dative
|
*swizdantyāi
|
*swizdantyābom
|
*swizdantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swizdantyābim
|
*swizdantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdont
|
*?
|
*swizdonta
|
| vocative
|
*swizdont
|
*?
|
*swizdonta
|
| accusative
|
*swizdont
|
*?
|
*swizdonta
|
| genitive
|
*swizdantos
|
*?
|
*swizdantom
|
| dative
|
*swizdantei
|
*?
|
*swizdantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swizdantī?
|
*?
|
*swizdantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdomnos
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*swizdomne
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*swizdomnom
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnons
|
| genitive
|
*swizdomnī
|
*swizdomnous
|
*swizdomnom
|
| dative
|
*swizdomnūi
|
*swizdomnobom
|
*swizdomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swizdomnū
|
*swizdomnobim
|
*swizdomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdomnā
|
*swizdomnai
|
*swizdomnās
|
| vocative
|
*swizdomnā
|
*swizdomnai
|
*swizdomnās
|
| accusative
|
*swizdomnam
|
*swizdomnai
|
*swizdomnans
|
| genitive
|
*swizdomnās
|
*swizdomnous
|
*swizdomnom
|
| dative
|
*swizdomnai
|
*swizdomnābom
|
*swizdomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swizdomnābim
|
*swizdomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swizdomnom
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnā
|
| vocative
|
*swizdomnom
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnā
|
| accusative
|
*swizdomnom
|
*swizdomnou
|
*swizdomnā
|
| genitive
|
*swizdomnī
|
*swizdomnous
|
*swizdomnom
|
| dative
|
*swizdomnūi
|
*swizdomnobom
|
*swizdomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swizdomnū
|
*swizdomnobim
|
*swizdomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissos
|
*swissou
|
*swissoi
|
| vocative
|
*swisse
|
*swissou
|
*swissoi
|
| accusative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissons
|
| genitive
|
*swissī
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissūi
|
*swissobom
|
*swissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swissū
|
*swissobim
|
*swissobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissā
|
*swissai
|
*swissās
|
| vocative
|
*swissā
|
*swissai
|
*swissās
|
| accusative
|
*swissam
|
*swissai
|
*swissans
|
| genitive
|
*swissās
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissai
|
*swissābom
|
*swissābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swissābim
|
*swissābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| vocative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| accusative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| genitive
|
*swissī
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissūi
|
*swissobom
|
*swissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swissū
|
*swissobim
|
*swissobis
|
Descendants
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swizd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 365