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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to congeal”) according to Schumacher.[1]
Verb
*tonkīti
- to destine
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tonkeyū
|
*tonkīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tonkīsi
|
*tonkītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tonkīti
|
*tonkīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*tonkeyomosi
|
*tonkīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tonkītesi
|
*tonkīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tonkeyonti
|
*tonkīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*tonkī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*tonkītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tonkeyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tonkīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*tonkeyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tonkeyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tonkītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tonkītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*tonkeyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tonkīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tonkeyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyonts
|
*tonkeyonte
|
*tonkeyontes
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyonts
|
*tonkeyonte
|
*tonkeyontes
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyontam
|
*tonkeyonte
|
*tonkeyontans
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyantos
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyantei
|
*tonkeyantbom
|
*tonkeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonkeyantī?
|
*tonkeyantbim
|
*tonkeyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyantī
|
*tonkeyantī
|
*tonkeyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyantī
|
*tonkeyantī
|
*tonkeyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyantīm
|
*tonkeyantī
|
*tonkeyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyantyās
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantyom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyantyāi
|
*tonkeyantyābom
|
*tonkeyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantyābim
|
*tonkeyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyont
|
*?
|
*tonkeyonta
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyont
|
*?
|
*tonkeyonta
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyont
|
*?
|
*tonkeyonta
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyantos
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyantei
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonkeyantī?
|
*?
|
*tonkeyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyomnos
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyomne
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyomnī
|
*tonkeyomnous
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyomnūi
|
*tonkeyomnobom
|
*tonkeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonkeyomnū
|
*tonkeyomnobim
|
*tonkeyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyomnā
|
*tonkeyomnai
|
*tonkeyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyomnā
|
*tonkeyomnai
|
*tonkeyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyomnam
|
*tonkeyomnai
|
*tonkeyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyomnās
|
*tonkeyomnous
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyomnai
|
*tonkeyomnābom
|
*tonkeyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tonkeyomnābim
|
*tonkeyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
*tonkeyomnou
|
*tonkeyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*tonkeyomnī
|
*tonkeyomnous
|
*tonkeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*tonkeyomnūi
|
*tonkeyomnobom
|
*tonkeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonkeyomnū
|
*tonkeyomnobim
|
*tonkeyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonketos
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketoi
|
| vocative
|
*tonkete
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketoi
|
| accusative
|
*tonketom
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketons
|
| genitive
|
*tonketī
|
*tonketous
|
*tonketom
|
| dative
|
*tonketūi
|
*tonketobom
|
*tonketobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonketū
|
*tonketobim
|
*tonketobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonketā
|
*tonketai
|
*tonketās
|
| vocative
|
*tonketā
|
*tonketai
|
*tonketās
|
| accusative
|
*tonketam
|
*tonketai
|
*tonketans
|
| genitive
|
*tonketās
|
*tonketous
|
*tonketom
|
| dative
|
*tonketai
|
*tonketābom
|
*tonketābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tonketābim
|
*tonketābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tonketom
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketā
|
| vocative
|
*tonketom
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketā
|
| accusative
|
*tonketom
|
*tonketou
|
*tonketā
|
| genitive
|
*tonketī
|
*tonketous
|
*tonketom
|
| dative
|
*tonketūi
|
*tonketobom
|
*tonketobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tonketū
|
*tonketobim
|
*tonketobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *tünkid
- Middle Breton: tonquaff
- Middle Welsh: tynghaf (1sg. pres.)
- Old Irish: ro·toicther
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan (1995) “Old Irish Tucaid, Tocad and Middle Welsh Tynghaf Tynghet Re-Examined”, in Ériu[1], volume 46, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved 9 September 2023, pages 49–57