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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Stative verb derived from Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to move”).
Verb
*xswibīti[1]
- to move
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*xswibeyū
|
*xswibīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*xswibīsi
|
*xswibītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*xswibīti
|
*xswibīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*xswibeyomosi
|
*xswibīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*xswibītesi
|
*xswibīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*xswibeyonti
|
*xswibīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*xswibī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*xswibītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*xswibeyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*xswibīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*xswibeyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*xswibeyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*xswibītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*xswibītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*xswibeyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*xswibīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*xswibeyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyonts
|
*xswibeyonte
|
*xswibeyontes
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyonts
|
*xswibeyonte
|
*xswibeyontes
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyontam
|
*xswibeyonte
|
*xswibeyontans
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyantos
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyantei
|
*xswibeyantbom
|
*xswibeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswibeyantī?
|
*xswibeyantbim
|
*xswibeyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyantī
|
*xswibeyantī
|
*xswibeyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyantī
|
*xswibeyantī
|
*xswibeyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyantīm
|
*xswibeyantī
|
*xswibeyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyantyās
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantyom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyantyāi
|
*xswibeyantyābom
|
*xswibeyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantyābim
|
*xswibeyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyont
|
*?
|
*xswibeyonta
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyont
|
*?
|
*xswibeyonta
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyont
|
*?
|
*xswibeyonta
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyantos
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyantei
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswibeyantī?
|
*?
|
*xswibeyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyomnos
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyomne
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyomnī
|
*xswibeyomnous
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyomnūi
|
*xswibeyomnobom
|
*xswibeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswibeyomnū
|
*xswibeyomnobim
|
*xswibeyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyomnā
|
*xswibeyomnai
|
*xswibeyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyomnā
|
*xswibeyomnai
|
*xswibeyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyomnam
|
*xswibeyomnai
|
*xswibeyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyomnās
|
*xswibeyomnous
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyomnai
|
*xswibeyomnābom
|
*xswibeyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*xswibeyomnābim
|
*xswibeyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
*xswibeyomnou
|
*xswibeyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*xswibeyomnī
|
*xswibeyomnous
|
*xswibeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*xswibeyomnūi
|
*xswibeyomnobom
|
*xswibeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswibeyomnū
|
*xswibeyomnobim
|
*xswibeyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswixtos
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtoi
|
| vocative
|
*xswixte
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtoi
|
| accusative
|
*xswixtom
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtons
|
| genitive
|
*xswixtī
|
*xswixtous
|
*xswixtom
|
| dative
|
*xswixtūi
|
*xswixtobom
|
*xswixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswixtū
|
*xswixtobim
|
*xswixtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswixtā
|
*xswixtai
|
*xswixtās
|
| vocative
|
*xswixtā
|
*xswixtai
|
*xswixtās
|
| accusative
|
*xswixtam
|
*xswixtai
|
*xswixtans
|
| genitive
|
*xswixtās
|
*xswixtous
|
*xswixtom
|
| dative
|
*xswixtai
|
*xswixtābom
|
*xswixtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*xswixtābim
|
*xswixtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*xswixtom
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtā
|
| vocative
|
*xswixtom
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtā
|
| accusative
|
*xswixtom
|
*xswixtou
|
*xswixtā
|
| genitive
|
*xswixtī
|
*xswixtous
|
*xswixtom
|
| dative
|
*xswixtūi
|
*xswixtobom
|
*xswixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*xswixtū
|
*xswixtobim
|
*xswixtobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid
- Middle Breton: fifual
- Middle Welsh: chwyfu
- Middle Irish: scibid
- Irish: sciob (with irregular loss of lenition)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432