Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ka-

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Probably related to Proto-Finnic *-k (second-person singular imperative ending), although how exactly is unclear.

Infix

*-ka- / *-kä-

  1. Imperative mood marker in persons other than the second-person singular.
    Synonym: *-ko- (possibly)

Descendants

The exact forms vary by descendant.

The second-person plural imperative (usually *-ka-dV, *-ka-de? < *-ka-ta, with the second-person plural personal ending *-ta):

  • Estonian: -ke, -ge (e.g. olge, jooge, andke)
  • Finnish: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, juokaa, antakaa)
  • Ingrian: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, jookaa, antakaa)
  • Karelian:
    • North Karelian: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juokua, antakkua)
    • South Karelian: -kua/-gua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juogua, annakkua)
  • Livvi: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olgua, juogua, annakkua)
  • Ludian: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, d'uogat, antakat)
  • Veps: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, jogat, antkat)
  • Votic: -ka/-ga (e.g. õlka, juuka, antaga)

Unsorted:

  • >? Livonian: -gīd, -gid, -õgid, -kkõd, -kõd (e.g. vȯlgid, jūogid, āndagid)
  • Võro: -kõq/-gõq (e.g. olkõq, joogõq, andkõq)
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