Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/jumala

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Proto-Finno-Permic *juma (“sky, god”) +‎ *-la, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyumā́ (“shining, divine”).^[1] First attested in 1026 in a description of St. Olaf's journey to Karelia, in which it appears in the form Jómali, referring to a holy statue, possibly of the sky god of the pagan Finns. May also be related to Baltic *Jumala in Latgalian Jumala (“goddess of harvest and fertility”), which could be borrowed from Finnic.

Noun

*jumala^[2]

god

Inflection

Inflection of *jumala

	singular	plural
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
nominative	*jumala	*jumalat
accusative	*jumalan	*jumalat
genitive	*jumalan	jumaladën jumaloidën
partitive	*jumalata	*jumaloita
inessive	jumalassa jumalahna	jumaloissa jumaloihna
elative	*jumalasta	*jumaloista
illative	*jumalasën	*jumaloisën
adessive	*jumalalla	*jumaloilla
ablative	*jumalalta	*jumaloilta
allative	jumalalën jumalalëk	jumaloilën jumaloilëk
essive	*jumalana	*jumaloina
translative	*jumalaksi	*jumaloiksi
instructive	*jumalan	*jumaloin
comitative	*jumalanëk	*jumaloinëk
abessive	*jumalatta	*jumaloitta

Descendants

Estonian: jumal
Finnish: jumala
Ingrian: jumala, (Soikkola) jummaala
Karelian: jumala
Livonian: jumāl
Livvi: jumal
Ludian: d'umal
Veps: jumal
Võro: jummal'
Votic: jumalõ
→ Komi-Zyrian: Ёма (Joma) (from earlier *juma)
→ Sami:
- → Southern Sami: Jupmele
- → Lule Sami: jubmel
- → Pite Sami: jupmêl
- → Ume Sami: jybmela
- → Northern Sami: ipmil
- → Inari Sami: immeel
- → Akkala Sami: юммель (jumm’el’)
- → Kildin Sami: ӣммель (jimmjel’)
- → Ter Sami: [script needed] (jimmel̜)

References

^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “jumala”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎^[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 29 November 2022
^ Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*jumala”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎^[2] (in Finnish)

[1] Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “jumala”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎^[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 29 November 2022

[2] Kallio, Petri (2020–) “*jumala”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎^[2] (in Finnish)

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