Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ukōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

  • *-ikōną

Etymology

Unknown.

Suffix

*-ukōną

  1. suffix applied to adjectives, nouns, and sometimes verbs to form verbs with an intensive, frequentative, or causative force

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *-ukō *-ukǭ *-ukōi ?
2nd singular *-ukōsi *-ukōs *-ukō *-ukōsai *-ukōsau
3rd singular *-ukōþi *-ukō *-ukōþau *-ukōþai *-ukōþau
1st dual *-ukōs *-ukōw
2nd dual *-ukōþiz *-ukōþiz *-ukōþiz
1st plural *-ukōmaz *-ukōm *-ukōnþai *-ukōnþau
2nd plural *-ukōþ *-ukōþ *-ukōþ *-ukōnþai *-ukōnþau
3rd plural *-ukōnþi *-ukōn *-ukōnþau *-ukōnþai *-ukōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *-ukōdǭ *-ukōdēdį̄
2nd singular *-ukōdēz *-ukōdēdīz
3rd singular *-ukōdē *-ukōdēdī
1st dual *-ukōdēdū *-ukōdēdīw
2nd dual *-ukōdēdudiz *-ukōdēdīdiz
1st plural *-ukōdēdum *-ukōdēdīm
2nd plural *-ukōdēdud *-ukōdēdīd
3rd plural *-ukōdēdun *-ukōdēdīn
present past
participles *-ukōndz *-ukōdaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *-ukōn, *-ikōn
    • Old English: -cian, -ecian
      • Middle English: -ken
        • English: -k, (dialectal) -ock
          • English: jummock (to jolt, work up and down) (dialectal)
        • Scots: -k
    • Old Frisian: -kia
      • North Frisian: -ke
      • Saterland Frisian: -kje
      • West Frisian: -kje
    • Old Saxon: -akōn
      • Middle Low German: -ken
        • German Low German: -ken
    • Old Dutch: *-kon
    • Old High German: -ihhōn, -ichōn
  • Old Norse: -ka