Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aljaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑl.jɑz/

Determiner

*aljaz^[1]

other, another, else
Synonym: *anþeraz

Inflection

Declension of *aljaz (ja-stem, strong only)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*aljaz	*aljō	alją, -at(ō)	*aljai	*aljôz	*aljō
accusative	*aljanǭ	*aljǭ	alją, -at(ō)	*aljanz	*aljōz	*aljō
genitive	aljas, alis	*aljaizōz	aljas, alis	*aljaizǫ̂	*aljaizǫ̂	*aljaizǫ̂
dative	*aljammai	*aljaizōi	*aljammai	*aljaimaz	*aljaimaz	*aljaimaz
instrumental	*aljanō	*aljaizō	*aljanō	*aljaimiz	*aljaimiz	*aljaimiz

Derived terms

*aljǭ (“concubine; woman other than man’s main wife”)

Related terms

*aljar

Descendants

Among most descendants, only the genitive survives as an adverb *aljas (“other, else”), or in other formations (*aljô (“otherwise, or”), *aljalīkô (“otherwise”)) or compounds, e.g., *aljalandijaz ~ *alilandijaz ~ *aljalandiją (“foreign country”).

Proto-West Germanic: *alljas
- Old English: elles
  - Middle English: else
    - English: else
- Old Frisian: elles, ellis
- Old Dutch: elles
  - Middle Dutch: els
- Old High German: elles, alles

Old English: ele-, el-
Old Saxon: eli-
Old Dutch: eli-, ele-
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-)
- ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)
- Old Norse: ella (“otherwise, or”), ellar (< *aljǭ)
  - Icelandic: ellar, ella (“otherwise, or”)
  - Faroese: ella (“or”)
  - Middle Norwegian: ælle
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: eller, elder; (dialectal) eld’u, eld’e, elle (“or”)
      - ⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)
  - Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)
    - Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)
  - Danish: eller (“or”)
    - Norwegian Bokmål: eller (“or”)
      - ⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: ellers (“else, otherwise”)
  - Gutnish: ella (“or”)
- Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*alja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 23

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*alja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 23

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