Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *dwalaz (“confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad”) +‎ *-janą (“factitive suffix”),[1] additionally conflated with *dwelaną (“to err”) +‎ *-janą (“causative suffix”), both ultimately from the same origin.[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈdwɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*dwaljaną[1][2]

  1. to be confused, perplex
  2. to hold up, delay

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *dwaljō *dwaljaų — *dwaljai ?
2nd singular *dwalisi *dwaljais *dwali *dwaljasai *dwaljaisau
3rd singular *dwaliþi *dwaljai *dwaljaþau *dwaljaþai *dwaljaiþau
1st dual *dwaljōs *dwaljaiw — — —
2nd dual *dwaljaþiz *dwaljaiþiz *dwaljaþiz — —
1st plural *dwaljamaz *dwaljaim — *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
2nd plural *dwaliþ *dwaljaiþ *dwaliþ *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
3rd plural *dwaljanþi *dwaljain *dwaljanþau *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *dwalidǭ *dwalidēdį̄
2nd singular *dwalidēz *dwalidēdīz
3rd singular *dwalidē *dwalidēdī
1st dual *dwalidēdū *dwalidēdīw
2nd dual *dwalidēdudiz *dwalidēdīdiz
1st plural *dwalidēdum *dwalidēdīm
2nd plural *dwalidēdud *dwalidēdīd
3rd plural *dwalidēdun *dwalidēdīn
present past
participles *dwaljandz *dwalidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *dwalljan
    • Old English: dwellan
      • Middle English: dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle
        • English: dwell
        • Scots: dwall
    • Old Saxon: *dwellian
    • Old Dutch: *dwellen
    • Old High German: twellen
      • Middle High German: twellen
  • Old Norse: dvelja

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*đwaljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dwaljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-112
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