Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/elmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*almaz (Northern only)^[1]^[2]
*ulmaz (Western only)^[2]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁él(e)m (“mountain elm”).

Kroonen (2011) regards the variant *ulmaz as evidence of an ablauting paradigm, most likely *elm ~ *ulmaz from an amphikinetic m-stem *h₁él-m̥ ~ *h₁l̥-m-ós (compare *armaz and *halmaz for potentially the same type).^[2] However, this lemma is not included in his 2013 dictionary.^[3]

Noun

*elmaz m^[1]

elm tree
wood from an elm tree

Inflection

Declension of *elmaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*elmaz	elmōz, elmōs
vocative	*elm	elmōz, elmōs
accusative	*elmą	*elmanz
genitive	elmas, ilmis	*elmǫ̂
dative	*elmai	*elmamaz
instrumental	*elmō	*elmamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *elm, *alm, *ulm, *olm
- Old English: elm, *ulm m
  - Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
    - English: elm (dialectal ellum)
    - Scots: elm
  - ⇒ Old English: ulmtrēow
    - Middle English: ulm tree, elme-tre, elmetree
      - English: elmtree
- Old Saxon: elm, alm m (alm in placenames)
  - Middle Low German: elme, elm, olm m
    - Low German: Elm, Ölm, Ilm, Ülm
- Old Dutch: *olm m, alma f, alme-, elme-, helme- (in placenames)
  - Middle Dutch: olm, *alm m, olme f (conflated with Old French olme?)
    - Dutch: olm, alm m
- Old High German: elm, ilme, elmo m
  - Middle High German: ëlm, ëlme, elmene, ilm, ilme, ilmene f
    - Alemannic German: Elme, Ilme, Olme
    - ⇒ Middle High German: ilmboum, ilmpoum
- >? Old High German: ulm m (native or borrowed from Latin ulmus?)
  - Middle High German: ulme f (new borrowing from Latin, or back-formation from ulmboum and influenced by Latin?)
    - German: Ulme f
  - ⇒ Old High German: ulmboum
    - Middle High German: ulmboum, ulmpoum
Old Norse: almr
- Icelandic: álmur
- Faroese: álmur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: alm; (dialectal) æłm, ålm’e, åm’e
- Norwegian Bokmål: alm
- Swedish: alm
- ⇒ Old Norse: elmi (collective)
  - Danish: elm
  - Swedish: älme (dialectal)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*elmaz ~ *almaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2011) “*elm, *ulmaz”, in The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 155–157: “*(h₁)él-m, *h₁l-m-ós”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[HGE-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*elmaz ~ *almaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 83

[PGnS-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2011) “*elm, *ulmaz”, in The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 155–157: “*(h₁)él-m, *h₁l-m-ós”

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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