Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaginjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*gagnijaną^[1]

Etymology

From *gagin (“towards, against”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.ɣin.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gaginjaną

to go against
to meet, to encounter

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gaginjō	*gaginjaų	—	*gaginjai	?
2nd singular	*gaginisi	*gaginjais	*gagini	*gaginjasai	*gaginjaisau
3rd singular	*gaginiþi	*gaginjai	*gaginjaþau	*gaginjaþai	*gaginjaiþau
1st dual	*gaginjōs	*gaginjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gaginjaþiz	*gaginjaiþiz	*gaginjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gaginjamaz	*gaginjaim	—	*gaginjanþai	*gaginjainþau
2nd plural	*gaginiþ	*gaginjaiþ	*gaginiþ	*gaginjanþai	*gaginjainþau
3rd plural	*gaginjanþi	*gaginjain	*gaginjanþau	*gaginjanþai	*gaginjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gaginidǭ	*gaginidēdį̄
2nd singular	*gaginidēz	*gaginidēdīz
3rd singular	*gaginidē	*gaginidēdī
1st dual	*gaginidēdū	*gaginidēdīw
2nd dual	*gaginidēdudiz	*gaginidēdīdiz
1st plural	*gaginidēdum	*gaginidēdīm
2nd plural	*gaginidēdud	*gaginidēdīd
3rd plural	*gaginidēdun	*gaginidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*gaginjandz	*gaginidaz

Related terms

*gaganōną/*gaginōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gaginijan
- Old English: ġieġnan, ġīnan, ġȳnan
- Old Saxon: geginian
  - Middle Low German: gēgenen
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: begēgenen, bejēgenen
    - German Low German: begegen
- Old Dutch: *jegenen, *gegenen
  - Middle Dutch: jēgenen
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: bejēgenen
      - Dutch: bejegenen
        Afrikaans: bejeën
- Old High German: geginen
  - Middle High German: gegenen
  - ⇒ Old High German: bigaganen
    - Middle High German: begegenen
      - German: begegnen
Old Norse: gegna
- Icelandic: gegna
Old Danish: genæ
- Danish: genne
- → Middle English: geȝȝnen, geinen, geynen, gaynen, gainen
  - English: gain
  - Scots: gain (“to be fitting or suitable”)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gagnjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gagnjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[1]