Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

  • *gauijaną

Etymology

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewH- (to call, invoke), related to Proto-Slavic *zъvati (to call). Or from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂w- (to gape, yawn), related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (palate).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɣɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gawjaną[1]

  1. to bark
  2. to shout, scream, or yell at

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gawjō *gawjaų *gawjai ?
2nd singular *gawisi *gawjais *gawi *gawjasai *gawjaisau
3rd singular *gawiþi *gawjai *gawjaþau *gawjaþai *gawjaiþau
1st dual *gawjōs *gawjaiw
2nd dual *gawjaþiz *gawjaiþiz *gawjaþiz
1st plural *gawjamaz *gawjaim *gawjanþai *gawjainþau
2nd plural *gawiþ *gawjaiþ *gawiþ *gawjanþai *gawjainþau
3rd plural *gawjanþi *gawjain *gawjanþau *gawjanþai *gawjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gōw *gōwį̄
2nd singular *gōwt *gōwīz
3rd singular *gōw *gōwī
1st dual *gōwū *gōwīw
2nd dual *gōwudiz *gōwīdiz
1st plural *gōwum *gōwīm
2nd plural *gōwud *gōwīd
3rd plural *gōwun *gōwīn
present past
participles *gawjandz *gawanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *gauwjan, *gauijan
    • Old English: ġēġan, ġēn, ġǣn
      • Middle English: ȝeȝen, ȝeiȝen, ȝeien, yeyen
    • Old Frisian: *gēia
      • >? West Frisian: geie
    • Old High German: *gouwezzen
      • Middle High German: *gouezen, *gouzen
  • Old Norse: geyja

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒaujanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 128