Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gladōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gladaz (“bright, smooth, cheerful”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɣlɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gladōną[1]

  1. to make cheerful
  2. to smoothen

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gladō *gladǭ — *gladōi ?
2nd singular *gladōsi *gladōs *gladō *gladōsai *gladōsau
3rd singular *gladōþi *gladō *gladōþau *gladōþai *gladōþau
1st dual *gladōs *gladōw — — —
2nd dual *gladōþiz *gladōþiz *gladōþiz — —
1st plural *gladōmaz *gladōm — *gladōnþai *gladōnþau
2nd plural *gladōþ *gladōþ *gladōþ *gladōnþai *gladōnþau
3rd plural *gladōnþi *gladōn *gladōnþau *gladōnþai *gladōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gladōdǭ *gladōdēdį̄
2nd singular *gladōdēz *gladōdēdīz
3rd singular *gladōdē *gladōdēdī
1st dual *gladōdēdū *gladōdēdīw
2nd dual *gladōdēdudiz *gladōdēdīdiz
1st plural *gladōdēdum *gladōdēdīm
2nd plural *gladōdēdud *gladōdēdīd
3rd plural *gladōdēdun *gladōdēdīn
present past
participles *gladōndz *gladōdaz
  • *gladjaną

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *gladōn
    • Old English: gladian
    • Old Frisian: *gledia
      • West Frisian: gledzje
    • Old Dutch: *gladon
      • Middle Dutch: *gladden
        • Dutch: gladden (backformed to the adjective)
  • Old Norse: glaða
    • Icelandic: glaða

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒlađōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
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