Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gnīdaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰneydʰ- (“to rub”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣniː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gnīdaną^[1]^[2]

to rub, to grind

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gnīdō	*gnīdaų	—	*gnīdai	?
2nd singular	*gnīdizi	*gnīdaiz	*gnīd	*gnīdazai	*gnīdaizau
3rd singular	*gnīdidi	*gnīdai	*gnīdadau	*gnīdadai	*gnīdaidau
1st dual	*gnīdōz	*gnīdaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gnīdadiz	*gnīdaidiz	*gnīdadiz	—	—
1st plural	*gnīdamaz	*gnīdaim	—	*gnīdandai	*gnīdaindau
2nd plural	*gnīdid	*gnīdaid	*gnīdid	*gnīdandai	*gnīdaindau
3rd plural	*gnīdandi	*gnīdain	*gnīdandau	*gnīdandai	*gnīdaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gnaid	*gnidį̄
2nd singular	*gnaist	*gnidīz
3rd singular	*gnaid	*gnidī
1st dual	*gnidū	*gnidīw
2nd dual	*gnidudiz	*gnidīdiz
1st plural	*gnidum	*gnidīm
2nd plural	*gnidud	*gnidīd
3rd plural	*gnidun	*gnidīn

	present	past
participles	*gnīdandz	*gnidanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gnīdan
- Old English: gnīdan
  - Middle English: gniden, gnyde
- Old Saxon: *gnīdan
  - Middle Low German: gnīden
- Old High German: gnītan
  - Middle High German: gnīten
Old Norse: gníða
- Icelandic: gníða
- Old Swedish: gnidha
  - Swedish: gnida
- Danish: gnide, (obsolete) nithe

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gnīdan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gnīdanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gnīdan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gnīdanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[1]

[2]