Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰróm-o-s, from *gʰrem- (“to roar; to be angry”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɣrɑ.mɑz/

Adjective

*gramaz[1]

  1. furious
  2. hostile

Inflection

Declension of *gramaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *gramaz *gramō *gramą, *-at(ō) *gramai *gramôz *gramō
accusative *gramanǭ *gramǭ *gramą, *-at(ō) *gramanz *gramōz *gramō
genitive *gramas, *gramis *gramaizōz *gramas, *gramis *gramaizǫ̂ *gramaizǫ̂ *gramaizǫ̂
dative *gramammai *gramaizōi *gramammai *gramaimaz *gramaimaz *gramaimaz
instrumental *gramanō *gramaizō *gramanō *gramaimiz *gramaimiz *gramaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *gramô *gramǭ *gramô *gramaniz *gramōniz *gramōnō
accusative *gramanų *gramōnų *gramô *gramanunz *gramōnunz *gramōnō
genitive *graminiz *gramōniz *graminiz *gramanǫ̂ *gramōnǫ̂ *gramanǫ̂
dative *gramini *gramōni *gramini *gramammaz *gramōmaz *gramammaz
instrumental *graminē *gramōnē *graminē *gramammiz *gramōmiz *gramammiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *gram(i)
    • Old English: gram
      • Middle English: gram
    • Old Saxon: gram
      • Middle Low German: gram
    • Old Dutch: *gram
    • Old High German: gremi, gram
    • → Old French: graim
      • Old French: graigne
        • Old French: graignier, greignier
          • Old Northern French: chagreiner, chagraigner
          • Old French: grigner
    • →? Italian: gramo
  • Old Norse: gramr

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒramaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 139
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