Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawāną
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxɑ.wɑː.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *kew-.[1] Cognate Lithuanian kuvḗtis (“to be ashamed”).
Verb
*hawāną[1]
- to mock
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *hawō | ? | — | ? | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *hawaisi | ? | *hawai | *hawāsai | ? | |
| 3rd singular | *hawaiþi | ? | *hawāþau | *hawāþai | ? | |
| 1st dual | *hawōs | ? | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *hawāþiz | ? | *hawāþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *hawāmaz | ? | — | *hawānþai | ? | |
| 2nd plural | *hawaiþ | ? | *hawaiþ | *hawānþai | ? | |
| 3rd plural | *hawānþi | ? | *hawānþau | *hawānþai | ? | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *hawadǭ | *hawadēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *hawadēz | *hawadēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *hawadē | *hawadēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *hawadēdū | *hawadēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *hawadēdudiz | *hawadēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *hawadēdum | *hawadēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *hawadēdud | *hawadēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *hawadēdun | *hawadēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *hawāndz | *hawadaz | ||||
Descendants
Etymology 2
The verb could also be reconstructed as *hēwijaną, but in view of Latvian kavêt (“to prevent”), *hawāną is more likely.[2] Also cognate with Latin caveo (“to take care, beware”).
Verb
*hawāną[2]
- to observe
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *hawō | ? | — | ? | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *hawaisi | ? | *hawai | *hawāsai | ? | |
| 3rd singular | *hawaiþi | ? | *hawāþau | *hawāþai | ? | |
| 1st dual | *hawōs | ? | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *hawāþiz | ? | *hawāþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *hawāmaz | ? | — | *hawānþai | ? | |
| 2nd plural | *hawaiþ | ? | *hawaiþ | *hawānþai | ? | |
| 3rd plural | *hawānþi | ? | *hawānþau | *hawānþai | ? | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *hawadǭ | *hawadēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *hawadēz | *hawadēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *hawadē | *hawadēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *hawadēdū | *hawadēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *hawadēdudiz | *hawadēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *hawadēdum | *hawadēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *hawadēdud | *hawadēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *hawadēdun | *hawadēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *hawāndz | *hawadaz | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hawēn
- Old English: hawian
- Old Norse: *há
- Norwegian: hå
- → Proto-Finnic: *havait'ak (see there for further descendants)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hawēn-1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 217
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hawēn-2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 217/218