Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hnewwaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *knewH-e-ti, from *knewH- (“to scrape, scratch, rub”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κνύω (knúō, “to scratch”), Latvian knüt (“to itch”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxnew.wɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *hnewwō | *hnewwaų | — | *hnewwai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *hniwwizi | *hnewwaiz | *hneww | *hnewwazai | *hnewwaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *hniwwidi | *hnewwai | *hnewwadau | *hnewwadai | *hnewwaidau | |
| 1st dual | *hnewwōz | *hnewwaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *hnewwadiz | *hnewwaidiz | *hnewwadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *hnewwamaz | *hnewwaim | — | *hnewwandai | *hnewwaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *hniwwid | *hnewwaid | *hniwwid | *hnewwandai | *hnewwaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *hnewwandi | *hnewwain | *hnewwandau | *hnewwandai | *hnewwaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *hnau(w) | *hnuwį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *hnau(w)t | *hnuwīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *hnau(w) | *hnuwī | ||||
| 1st dual | *hnuwū | *hnuwīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *hnuwudiz | *hnuwīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *hnuwum | *hnuwīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *hnuwud | *hnuwīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *hnuwun | *hnuwīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *hnewwandz | *hnuwanaz | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hneuwan
- Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan
- Middle High German: niuwen
- Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan
- Old Norse: hnøggva, hnyggja (“to strike, cut off”)
- Elfdalian: negga (“to butt”)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hnewwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xnewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180