Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradjaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) + *-janą; the original meaning was probably "to be quick", which underwent semantic shift > "to drive, save".[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxrɑð.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *hradjō | *hradjaų | — | *hradjai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *hradisi | *hradjais | *hradi | *hradjasai | *hradjaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *hradiþi | *hradjai | *hradjaþau | *hradjaþai | *hradjaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *hradjōs | *hradjaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *hradjaþiz | *hradjaiþiz | *hradjaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *hradjamaz | *hradjaim | — | *hradjanþai | *hradjainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *hradiþ | *hradjaiþ | *hradiþ | *hradjanþai | *hradjainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *hradjanþi | *hradjain | *hradjanþau | *hradjanþai | *hradjainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *hradidǭ | *hradidēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *hradidēz | *hradidēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *hradidē | *hradidēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *hradidēdū | *hradidēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *hradidēdudiz | *hradidēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *hradidēdum | *hradidēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *hradidēdud | *hradidēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *hradidēdun | *hradidēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *hradjandz | *hradidaz | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraþa- ~ *hrada-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 243: “*hradjan-”
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrađjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183