Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”).^[1] The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxʷe.xʷlɑ̃/

Noun

*hwehwlą n

wheel

Inflection

The plural *hweulō descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

Declension of *hwehwlą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
vocative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
accusative	*hwehwlą	*hweulō
genitive	hwehwlas, hwihwlis	*hweulǫ̂
dative	*hwehwlai	*hweulamaz
instrumental	*hwehwlō	*hweulamiz

Related terms

*hwelą

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl
- Old English: hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol (from singular), hwēol (from plural *hweulō)
  - Middle English: whel, whele, qweel
    - English: wheel
    - Scots: wheel
- Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl
  - North Frisian: weyel, weel
  - Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool
  - West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel
- Old Saxon: hwiol
  - Middle Low German: wêl, wiel
    - German Low German: Weel
- Old Dutch: *wiol
  - Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
    - Dutch: wiel
      - Afrikaans: wiel
      - Negerhollands: wiel, wil
      - → Caribbean Javanese: wil
      - → Papiamentu: wil
      - → Sranan Tongo: wiri
    - Limburgish: weel
    - → Old Frisian: wēl
      - West Frisian: wiele
- Old High German: *wihil
  - >? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)
    - >? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)
  - ⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca
    - German: wihelstein; *wihelesche
      - German: Wielstein; Wielesche
Old Norse: hvél (from singular), hjól (from plural *hweulō)
- Icelandic: hjól, hvel
- Faroese: hjól, hvæl
- Norwegian Bokmål: hjul
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul, kvel
- Norn: hurl
- Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl
  - Swedish: hjul
- Danish: hjul
- Elfdalian: juol

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwehla- ~ *hweula-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 264-5

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwehla- ~ *hweula-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 264-5

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