Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klōkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin.^[1] Possibly related to Old Irish glicc (“shrewd, acute”), Scots gleg (“smart, quick”), Ancient Greek καλχαίνω (kalkhaínō, “to ponder”), Middle English begalewen (“to frighten, stupefy”).^[2]^[3]

Adjective

*klōkaz^[4]

strong, quick, smart

Inflection

Declension of *klōkaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*klōkaz	*klōkō	*klōką, -atō	*klōkai	*klōkôz	*klōkō
accusative	*klōkanǭ	*klōkǭ	*klōką, -atō	*klōkanz	*klōkōz	*klōkō
genitive	*klōkas, -is	*klōkaizōz	*klōkas, -is	*klōkaizǫ̂	*klōkaizǫ̂	*klōkaizǫ̂
dative	*klōkammai	*klōkaizōi	*klōkammai	*klōkaimaz	*klōkaimaz	*klōkaimaz
instrumental	*klōkanō	*klōkaizō	*klōkanō	*klōkaimiz	*klōkaimiz	*klōkaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*klōkô	*klōkǭ	*klōkô	*klōkaniz	*klōkōniz	*klōkōnō
accusative	*klōkanų	*klōkōnų	*klōkô	*klōkanunz	*klōkōnunz	*klōkōnō
genitive	*klōkiniz	*klōkōniz	*klōkiniz	*klōkanǫ̂	*klōkōnǫ̂	*klōkanǫ̂
dative	*klōkini	*klōkōni	*klōkini	*klōkammaz	*klōkōmaz	*klōkammaz
instrumental	*klōkinē	*klōkōnē	*klōkinē	*klōkammiz	*klōkōmiz	*klōkammiz

Descendants

Old Saxon: *klōk
- Middle Low German: klôk
  - → Middle High German: kluoc
    - German: klug
    - Cimbrian: kluug
    - Hunsrik: klugh
    - Yiddish: קלוג (klug)
  - → Old Norse: klókr
    - Danish: klog
    - Faroese: klókur
    - Icelandic: klókur
    - Norwegian Bokmål: klok
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: klok
    - Old Swedish: kloker
      - Swedish: klok
Old Dutch: *cluoc
- Middle Dutch: cloec
  - Dutch: kloek
    - Afrikaans: kloek

References

^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “klug”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
^ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “Proto-Germanic/klōkaz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎^[1], Stirling, →ISBN, page glic
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “kloek2”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “kloek 2”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press: “pgm. *klōk-”

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1883) “klug”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

[2] MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “Proto-Germanic/klōkaz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎^[1], Stirling, →ISBN, page glic

[3] van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “kloek2”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[4] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “kloek 2”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press: “pgm. *klōk-”

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