Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knukōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *knukô (“bone”) +‎ *-ōną,^[1] perhaps reinforced by sound-symbolism.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈknu.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*knukōną

To pound on; beat on; knock

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*knukō	*knukǭ	—	*knukōi	?
2nd singular	*knukōsi	*knukōs	*knukō	*knukōsai	*knukōsau
3rd singular	*knukōþi	*knukō	*knukōþau	*knukōþai	*knukōþau
1st dual	*knukōs	*knukōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*knukōþiz	*knukōþiz	*knukōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*knukōmaz	*knukōm	—	*knukōnþai	*knukōnþau
2nd plural	*knukōþ	*knukōþ	*knukōþ	*knukōnþai	*knukōnþau
3rd plural	*knukōnþi	*knukōn	*knukōnþau	*knukōnþai	*knukōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*knukōdǭ	*knukōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*knukōdēz	*knukōdēdīz
3rd singular	*knukōdē	*knukōdēdī
1st dual	*knukōdēdū	*knukōdēdīw
2nd dual	*knukōdēdudiz	*knukōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*knukōdēdum	*knukōdēdīm
2nd plural	*knukōdēdud	*knukōdēdīd
3rd plural	*knukōdēdun	*knukōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*knukōndz	*knukōdaz

Related terms

*kniujaną
*kneukaz
*knukilaz
*knukô

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *knokōn
- Old English: cnucian, cnocian
  - Middle English: knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn
    - English: knock
      - → Dutch: knokken; nokken
    - Scots: knock, tnock, knack
    - Yola: knockt (preterite)
- Old Saxon: *knokōn
  - Middle Low German: *knoken
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: ûtknoken, ûtknōken
- Old High German: *knohhōn, *knochōn
  - Middle High German: knochen
Old Norse: knoka
- Icelandic: knoka
- Norwegian: knuge
- Swedish: knocka
- Danish: knuge
→ Middle Irish: *cnagaid (via Old English and/or Old Norse)
- Irish: cnag
- Scottish Gaelic: cnag

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knuk(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knukōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knuk(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*knukōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[1]

[2]