Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/naitijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*hnaitijaną

Etymology

From earlier *hnaitijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd- (“to revile, insult”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑi̯.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*naitijaną

to abuse; mistreat
to revile; blaspheme; calumniate

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*naitijō	*naitijaų	—	*naitijai	?
2nd singular	*naitīsi	*naitijais	*naitī	*naitijasai	*naitijaisau
3rd singular	*naitīþi	*naitijai	*naitijaþau	*naitijaþai	*naitijaiþau
1st dual	*naitijōs	*naitijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*naitijaþiz	*naitijaiþiz	*naitijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*naitijamaz	*naitijaim	—	*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau
2nd plural	*naitīþ	*naitijaiþ	*naitīþ	*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau
3rd plural	*naitijanþi	*naitijain	*naitijanþau	*naitijanþai	*naitijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naitidǭ	*naitidēdį̄
2nd singular	*naitidēz	*naitidēdīz
3rd singular	*naitidē	*naitidēdī
1st dual	*naitidēdū	*naitidēdīw
2nd dual	*naitidēdudiz	*naitidēdīdiz
1st plural	*naitidēdum	*naitidēdīm
2nd plural	*naitidēdud	*naitidēdīd
3rd plural	*naitidēdun	*naitidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*naitijandz	*naitidaz

Derived terms

*ganaitijaną
*naitīniz

Related terms

*hnītaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *naitijan
- Old English: nǣtan
- Old Saxon: *nētian
  - Middle Low German: nêten
- Old High German: neizen, neizzen
  - Middle High German: neizen, neisen
    - German: neißen, neisen
    - →⇒ Middle Dutch: vernesen
Old Norse: hneita (merged with *hnaitijaną, causative of *hnītaną, a related verb)
Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*naitjan) in (𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ganaitjan))