Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/staupijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑu̯.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From *staupaz (“pitcher, jar, bucket"; originally "steep, high”) +‎ *-janą.^[1]

Verb

*staupijaną

to pour
to soak, to make wet
to cast metal

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*staupijō	*staupijaų	—	*staupijai	?
2nd singular	*staupīsi	*staupijais	*staupī	*staupijasai	*staupijaisau
3rd singular	*staupīþi	*staupijai	*staupijaþau	*staupijaþai	*staupijaiþau
1st dual	*staupijōs	*staupijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*staupijaþiz	*staupijaiþiz	*staupijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*staupijamaz	*staupijaim	—	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
2nd plural	*staupīþ	*staupijaiþ	*staupīþ	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
3rd plural	*staupijanþi	*staupijain	*staupijanþau	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*staupidǭ	*staupidēdį̄
2nd singular	*staupidēz	*staupidēdīz
3rd singular	*staupidē	*staupidēdī
1st dual	*staupidēdū	*staupidēdīw
2nd dual	*staupidēdudiz	*staupidēdīdiz
1st plural	*staupidēdum	*staupidēdīm
2nd plural	*staupidēdud	*staupidēdīd
3rd plural	*staupidēdun	*staupidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*staupijandz	*staupidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *staupijan
- Old English: *stīepan
  - Middle English: stepen (possibly loaned from Old Norse instead)
    - English: steep
- Old Saxon: *stōpian
  - Middle Low German: stȫpen
Old Norse: steypa
- Icelandic: steypa
- Faroese: stoypa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: støypa
- Old Swedish: stø̄pa
  - Swedish: stöpa
- Danish: støbe
  - Norwegian Bokmål: støpe

Etymology 2

From *stūpaną (“to stoop, fall down”) +‎ *-janą (causative).^[2]

Verb

*staupijaną^[2] (North Germanic)

to make fall down, to make stumble
to throw down, to overthrow

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*staupijō	*staupijaų	—	*staupijai	?
2nd singular	*staupīsi	*staupijais	*staupī	*staupijasai	*staupijaisau
3rd singular	*staupīþi	*staupijai	*staupijaþau	*staupijaþai	*staupijaiþau
1st dual	*staupijōs	*staupijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*staupijaþiz	*staupijaiþiz	*staupijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*staupijamaz	*staupijaim	—	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
2nd plural	*staupīþ	*staupijaiþ	*staupīþ	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau
3rd plural	*staupijanþi	*staupijain	*staupijanþau	*staupijanþai	*staupijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*staupidǭ	*staupidēdį̄
2nd singular	*staupidēz	*staupidēdīz
3rd singular	*staupidē	*staupidēdī
1st dual	*staupidēdū	*staupidēdīw
2nd dual	*staupidēdudiz	*staupidēdīdiz
1st plural	*staupidēdum	*staupidēdīm
2nd plural	*staupidēdud	*staupidēdīd
3rd plural	*staupidēdun	*staupidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*staupijandz	*staupidaz

Descendants

Old Norse: steypa
- Icelandic: steypa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: støypa

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*staupa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475: “*staupjan-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*staupjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*staupa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475: “*staupjan-”

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*staupjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373

[1]

[2]