Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sweraną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, fester”). Possibly related to Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, hurt”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈswe.rɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sweraną^[1]^[2]

to hurt
to fester; ulcerate

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*swerō	*sweraų	—	*swerai	?
2nd singular	*swirizi	*sweraiz	*swer	*swerazai	*sweraizau
3rd singular	*swiridi	*swerai	*sweradau	*sweradai	*sweraidau
1st dual	*swerōz	*sweraiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sweradiz	*sweraidiz	*sweradiz	—	—
1st plural	*sweramaz	*sweraim	—	*swerandai	*sweraindau
2nd plural	*swirid	*sweraid	*swirid	*swerandai	*sweraindau
3rd plural	*swerandi	*swerain	*swerandau	*swerandai	*sweraindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swar	*swērį̄
2nd singular	*swart	*swērīz
3rd singular	*swar	*swērī
1st dual	*swērū	*swērīw
2nd dual	*swērudiz	*swērīdiz
1st plural	*swērum	*swērīm
2nd plural	*swērud	*swērīd
3rd plural	*swērun	*swērīn

	present	past
participles	*swerandz	*s(w)uranaz

Derived terms

*swerô

Related terms

*swerdą

Descendants

(Old English: swor; swarnian, swārnian, swornian)
Old Saxon: *sweran
- Middle Low German: swēren
Old Dutch: *sweran
- Middle Dutch: swēren
  - Dutch: zweren
    - Afrikaans: sweer
Old High German: swëran; (swëro; swërado, swërdo)
- Middle High German: swërn; (swëre, swër, geswër; swërde)
  - German: schwären; (Geschwür)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sweran”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SWER-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 494

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sweran”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499

[Seebold-2] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SWER-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 494

[1]

[2]