Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swerg-.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈswer.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swerkaną

  1. to darken, be obscured

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swerkō *swerkaų — *swerkai ?
2nd singular *swirkizi *swerkaiz *swerk *swerkazai *swerkaizau
3rd singular *swirkidi *swerkai *swerkadau *swerkadai *swerkaidau
1st dual *swerkōz *swerkaiw — — —
2nd dual *swerkadiz *swerkaidiz *swerkadiz — —
1st plural *swerkamaz *swerkaim — *swerkandai *swerkaindau
2nd plural *swirkid *swerkaid *swirkid *swerkandai *swerkaindau
3rd plural *swerkandi *swerkain *swerkandau *swerkandai *swerkaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swark *swurkį̄
2nd singular *swarht *swurkīz
3rd singular *swark *swurkī
1st dual *swurkū *swurkīw
2nd dual *swurkudiz *swurkīdiz
1st plural *swurkum *swurkīm
2nd plural *swurkud *swurkīd
3rd plural *swurkun *swurkīn
present past
participles *swerkandz *swurkanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
    • Old English: sweorcan
      • Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
    • Old Frisian: swerka
    • Old Saxon: swerkan
      • Middle Low German: swerken
        • Low German: swerken, schwerken
    • Old Dutch: *swerkan
      • Middle Dutch: swerken
    • Old High German: swerchan

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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