Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swimmaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a quasi-Indo-European root *swem(bʰ)- (“to be unsteady, move, swim”), albeit with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Kroonen rejects phonetic and semantic connection to Old Irish seinnid (“to reach, bring”).[1] Orel (who reconstructs the Proto-Germanic as *swemmaną) considers the word a secondary ablaut of Proto-Germanic *swīmaną (“to move back and forth”),[2] which he derives from a hypothetical earlier *swīp-m-anan and tentatively connects to *swaipaną (“to sweep”).[3] This is semantically attractive, though requires a somewhat phonetically bold pre-form.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈswim.mɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swimmaną[1][2]

  1. to be unsteady
  2. to swim; float

Inflection

Note: The past stem might have been later restored to *swumm-, but the forms listed are the etymologically original ones.

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swimmō *swimmaų — *swimmai ?
2nd singular *swimmizi *swimmaiz *swimm *swimmazai *swimmaizau
3rd singular *swimmidi *swimmai *swimmadau *swimmadai *swimmaidau
1st dual *swimmōz *swimmaiw — — —
2nd dual *swimmadiz *swimmaidiz *swimmadiz — —
1st plural *swimmamaz *swimmaim — *swimmandai *swimmaindau
2nd plural *swimmid *swimmaid *swimmid *swimmandai *swimmaindau
3rd plural *swimmandi *swimmain *swimmandau *swimmandai *swimmaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swamm *summį̄
2nd singular *swammt *summīz
3rd singular *swamm *summī
1st dual *summū *summīw
2nd dual *summudiz *summīdiz
1st plural *summum *summīm
2nd plural *summud *summīd
3rd plural *summun *summīn
present past
participles *swimmandz *summanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*swimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*swemmanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
  3. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*swīmanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397
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