Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swinkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin; possibly related to Old Irish seng (“slender, slim”), though the semantic connection is weak.[1] Compare *swangaz (“thin, slender”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈswiŋ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swinkaną[1]

  1. to toil, labor

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swinkō *swinkaų — *swinkai ?
2nd singular *swinkizi *swinkaiz *swink *swinkazai *swinkaizau
3rd singular *swinkidi *swinkai *swinkadau *swinkadai *swinkaidau
1st dual *swinkōz *swinkaiw — — —
2nd dual *swinkadiz *swinkaidiz *swinkadiz — —
1st plural *swinkamaz *swinkaim — *swinkandai *swinkaindau
2nd plural *swinkid *swinkaid *swinkid *swinkandai *swinkaindau
3rd plural *swinkandi *swinkain *swinkandau *swinkandai *swinkaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *swank *sunkį̄
2nd singular *swanht *sunkīz
3rd singular *swank *sunkī
1st dual *sunkū *sunkīw
2nd dual *sunkudiz *sunkīdiz
1st plural *sunkum *sunkīm
2nd plural *sunkud *sunkīd
3rd plural *sunkun *sunkīn
present past
participles *swinkandz *sunkanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *swinkan
    • Old English: swincan (“to toil, labor”) (or borrowed from Old Norse)
      • Middle English: swinken
  • Old Norse: svinka (“to labor”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*swenkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
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