Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wrīþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist, writhe”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwriː.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wrīþaną^[1]^[2]

to weave, to twist

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wrīþō	*wrīþaų	—	*wrīþai	?
2nd singular	*wrīþizi	*wrīþaiz	*wrīþ	*wrīþazai	*wrīþaizau
3rd singular	*wrīþidi	*wrīþai	*wrīþadau	*wrīþadai	*wrīþaidau
1st dual	*wrīþōz	*wrīþaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wrīþadiz	*wrīþaidiz	*wrīþadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wrīþamaz	*wrīþaim	—	*wrīþandai	*wrīþaindau
2nd plural	*wrīþid	*wrīþaid	*wrīþid	*wrīþandai	*wrīþaindau
3rd plural	*wrīþandi	*wrīþain	*wrīþandau	*wrīþandai	*wrīþaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wraiþ	*wridį̄
2nd singular	*wraist	*wridīz
3rd singular	*wraiþ	*wridī
1st dual	*wridū	*wridīw
2nd dual	*wridudiz	*wridīdiz
1st plural	*wridum	*wridīm
2nd plural	*wridud	*wridīd
3rd plural	*wridun	*wridīn

	present	past
participles	*wrīþandz	*wridanaz

Derived terms

*wraiþaz
*writtōną
*wriþilaz

Related terms

*wristuz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīþan
- Old English: wrīþan
  - Middle English: writhen, wrythen
    - Scots: wryth, writhe
    - English: writhe
- Old Dutch: *wrīthan
  - Middle Dutch: writen (with -t- by influence of an iterative *writtōną)
- Old High German: wrīdan, rīdan, *rīdan (Lombardic)
  - Middle High German: rīden
    - German: reiden; (wrideln)
  - → Old French: rider
    - Middle French: rider
      - French: rider
  - → Italian: riddare
Old Norse: vríða, ríða — Old West Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk: vrida, vri
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: vri
- Elfdalian: rwaiða, wraiða, waiða
- Old Swedish: vrīþa
  - Swedish: vrida
- Old Danish: writhæ
  - Danish: vride
    - Norwegian Bokmål: vride
  - Scanian: vriða
- Gutnish: bräida

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wrīþan- ~ *wrītan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 597
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrīþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wrīþan- ~ *wrītan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 597

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrīþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473

[1]

[2]