Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)tunédti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*tunédti (especially since most daughter languages did not adopt the s-mobile)

Etymology

From *(s)tewd- (“to push, hit”) +‎ *-né- (nasal infix).

Verb

*(s)tunédti (imperfective)

to be pushing, hitting

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*(s)tunédti
3rd plural	*(s)tundénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(s)tunédmi	*(s)tunédm̥	—	*(s)tunédoh₂	*(s)tundyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(s)tunédsi	*(s)tunéds	(s)tunéd, (s)tunddʰí	*(s)tunédesi	*(s)tundyéh₁s
3rd singular	*(s)tunédti	*(s)tunédt	*(s)tunédtu	*(s)tunédeti	*(s)tundyéh₁t
1st dual	*(s)tundwós	*(s)tundwé	—	*(s)tunédowos	*(s)tundih₁wé
2nd dual	*(s)tundtés	*(s)tundtóm	*(s)tundtóm	*(s)tunédetes	*(s)tundih₁tóm
3rd dual	*(s)tundtés	*(s)tundtā́m	*(s)tundtā́m	*(s)tunédetes	*(s)tundih₁tā́m
1st plural	*(s)tundmós	*(s)tundmé	—	*(s)tunédomos	*(s)tundih₁mé
2nd plural	*(s)tundté	*(s)tundté	*(s)tundté	*(s)tunédete	*(s)tundih₁té
3rd plural	*(s)tundénti	*(s)tundént	*(s)tundéntu	*(s)tunédonti	*(s)tundih₁ént

Participle	*(s)tundónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(s)tundh₂ér	*(s)tundh₂é	—	*(s)tunédoh₂er	*(s)tundih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*(s)tundth₂ér	*(s)tundth₂é	*(s)tundsó	*(s)tunédeth₂er	*(s)tundih₁th₂é
3rd singular	(s)tundtór, (s)tundór	(s)tundtó, (s)tundó	*?	*(s)tunédetor	(s)tundih₁tó, (s)tundih₁ó
1st dual	*(s)tundwósdʰh₂	*(s)tundwédʰh₂	—	*(s)tunédowosdʰh₂	*(s)tundih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(s)tundmósdʰh₂	*(s)tundmédʰh₂	—	*(s)tunédomosdʰh₂	*(s)tundih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*(s)tunddʰh₂wé	*(s)tunddʰh₂wé	*(s)tunddʰh₂wé	*(s)tunédedʰh₂we	*(s)tundih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	(s)tundn̥tór, (s)tundrór	(s)tundn̥tó, (s)tundró	*?	*(s)tunédontor	*(s)tundih₁ró

Participle	*(s)tundm̥h₁nós

Descendants

⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”)
  - Old English: stunt
    - Middle English: stunt, stont
      - English: stunt
  - Old High German: *stunz
    - Middle High German: stunz
  - Old Norse: stuttr
    - Icelandic: stuttur
    - Faroese: stuttur
    - Norwegian: stutt
  (see there for further descendants)
Albanian: tund
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti
  - Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)
- Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)^[1]
  - Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
    - Persian: تند (tond)
      - → Armenian: թունդ (tʻund)
      - → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܬܘܢܕ (tund)
      - → Azerbaijani: tünd
      - → Khalaj: tund
      - → Kyrgyz: түнт (tünt)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: تند (tund, tünd)
  - Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: توند (tund)
    
    Northern Kurdish: tund
- Zazaki: tun
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: tundō
  - Italian: tondere, tondire, tondare
  - Spanish: tundir
  - ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tōnsāre
    - Italian: tosare
    - Portuguese: tosar

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 390

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(s)teu-d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1033-1034
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *(s)teu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 601

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 390

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