Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kʷe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Dunkel suggests *-skʷe is the older form, coming from (an old injunctive of) *sekʷ- (“to follow”).[1] Szeremenyi derives *-kʷe from an instrumental *kʷe-h₁ of *kʷís ~ *kʷós. Dunkel gives this *kʷeh₁, in the sense of "somehow", as the origin for the distributive meaning.[2]

    Conjunction

    *-kʷe or *-skʷe[1]

    1. and
      Coordinate term: *-we (“or”)

    Descendants

    • (perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe[3]
      • Albanian: s' (“not”)
    • Proto-Anatolian: *-ku[4]
      • Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /⁠(=k)ku⁠/)
      • Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)
      • Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)
    • Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *-hw
    • Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe
      • Ancient Greek: τε (te)
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /⁠-kʷe⁠/)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: (< *-skʷe)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca) (in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”)[1])
    • Proto-Italic: *-kʷe[5] (see there for further descendants)
    • Phrygian: κε (ke)
    • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) +‎ *-kʷe)
      • Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (see there for further descendants)

    Particle

    *-kʷe[2]

    1. generalizing particle
    2. forms distributives from interrogatives

    Descendants

    • Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe
      • Epic Greek: τε (te) (non-conjunctive, so-called "Epic τε", indicates universal truths)
      • >? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /⁠-kʷe⁠/) (if sometimes to be interpreted as non-conjunctive)
    • Proto-Italic: *-kʷe
      • Latin: -que (“-ever”)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.-(s)ku̯e 'und'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 689-702
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “3.-ku̯e 'jedes Mal, immer; (wer, was, wie usw.) auch immer'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 442-446
    3. ^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “s ̊, ̊s [particle]”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 276
    4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “=kku”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 483-484
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 506

    Further reading

    This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.