Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mṓ
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Cognates with a different ablaut:
Suffix
*(e/Ø)-mṓ m
- Creates agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
According to Yates, derivatives with this suffix can be divided into three groups across Indo-European:
- One group inherited the e-grade roots used with *-mn̥ when used to make secondary derivatives of *-mn̥ nouns.
- A second group is the primary independent deradical derivatives, attached directly to roots. This group has a zero-grade root, *sh₂imṓ being one example.
- A third group is the non-primary independent derivatives, attached to some other base word. They generally inherit the root vocalism of the base word.
Inflection
As reconstructed by Yates (2022):[1]
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(e/Ø)-mṓ | ||
| genitive | *(e/Ø)-(m)nés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(e/Ø)-mṓ | *(e/Ø)-mónh₁(e) | *(e/Ø)-mónes |
| vocative | *(e/Ø)-món | *(e/Ø)-mónh₁(e) | *(e/Ø)-mónes |
| accusative | *(e/Ø)-mónm̥ | *(e/Ø)-mónh₁(e) | *(e/Ø)-mónm̥s |
| genitive | *(e/Ø)-(m)nés | *? | *(e/Ø)-(m)nóHom |
| ablative | *(e/Ø)-(m)nés | *? | *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥mós, *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥bʰós |
| dative | *(e/Ø)-(m)néy | *? | *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥mós, *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥bʰós |
| locative | *(e/Ø)-mén, *(e/Ø)-méni | *? | *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥sú |
| instrumental | *(e/Ø)-(m)néh₁ | *? | *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥mís, *(e/Ø)-(m)n̥bʰís |
Yates reconstructs total loss of *-m- in weak cases, but others generally restrict the m-loss:
- Byrd restricts m-loss to when a heavy syllable (diphthong, long vowel, or consonant following by a vowel) precedes the suffix.[2]
- Kroonen restricts m-loss to only when the root contains a labial consonant.[3]
This supersedes the traditionally reconstructed amphikinetic paradigm:
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(é)-mō | ||
| genitive | *(Ø)-(m)nés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(é)-mō | *(é)-monh₁(e) | *(é)-mones |
| vocative | *(é)-mon | *(é)-monh₁(e) | *(é)-mones |
| accusative | *(é)-monm̥ | *(é)-monh₁(e) | *(é)-monm̥s |
| genitive | *(Ø)-(m)nés | *? | *(Ø)-(m)nóHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-(m)nés | *? | *(Ø)-(m)n̥mós, *(Ø)-(m)n̥bʰós |
| dative | *(Ø)-(m)néy | *? | *(Ø)-(m)n̥mós, *(Ø)-(m)n̥bʰós |
| locative | *(Ø)-mén, *(Ø)-méni | *? | *(Ø)-(m)n̥sú |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-(m)néh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-(m)n̥mís, *(Ø)-(m)n̥bʰís |
Derived terms
Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-mṓ
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mō
- Lithuanian: -muo
- Proto-Slavic: *-my
- Proto-Celtic: *-mū
- Old Irish: -em
- Proto-Hellenic: *-mōn
- Ancient Greek: -μων (-mōn)
- Proto-Germanic: *-mô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mā́
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mā́
- Sanskrit: -मन् m (-mán)
- Proto-Iranian: *-mā
- Avestan: -𐬨𐬀 (-ma), -𐬨𐬀𐬥 (-man)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mā́
- Proto-Italic: *-mō
References
- ^ Yates, Anthony (2022) “A new prosodic reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European *-mon-stems”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, , →ISSN, pages 214–288
- ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2060
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 65