Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wṓs

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From **-woss (stem + nominative *-s). It was added to the zero-grade form of the perfect stem of a verb.

Suffix

*Ce-(Ø)-wṓs

Forms perfect participles from verbs.

Declension

Athematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*Ce-(∅)-wṓs	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂
genitive	*Ce-(∅)-úsos	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Ce-(∅)-wṓs	*Ce-(∅)-wósh₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-wóses
vocative	*Ce-(∅)-wós	*Ce-(∅)-wósh₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-wóses
accusative	*Ce-(∅)-wósm̥	*Ce-(∅)-wósh₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-wósm̥s
genitive	*Ce-(∅)-úsos	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsoHom
ablative	*Ce-(∅)-úsos	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmos, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰos
dative	*Ce-(∅)-úsey	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmos, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰos
locative	Ce-(∅)-ús, Ce-(∅)-úsi	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsu
instrumental	*Ce-(∅)-úsh₁	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmis, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂h₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂es
vocative	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂h₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂es
accusative	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂m̥	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂h₁(e)	*Ce-(∅)-úsih₂m̥s
genitive	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂s	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂oHom
ablative	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂s	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂mos, Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂bʰos
dative	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂ey	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂mos, Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂bʰos
locative	Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂, Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂i	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂su
instrumental	*Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂h₁	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂mis, Ce-(∅)-úsyeh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Ce-(∅)-wós	*Ce-(∅)-wósih₁	*Ce-(∅)-wṓs
vocative	*Ce-(∅)-wós	*Ce-(∅)-wósih₁	*Ce-(∅)-wṓs
accusative	*Ce-(∅)-wós	*Ce-(∅)-wósih₁	*Ce-(∅)-wṓs
genitive	*Ce-(∅)-úsos	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsoHom
ablative	*Ce-(∅)-úsos	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmos, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰos
dative	*Ce-(∅)-úsey	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmos, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰos
locative	Ce-(∅)-ús, Ce-(∅)-úsi	*?	*Ce-(∅)-úsu
instrumental	*Ce-(∅)-úsh₁	*?	Ce-(∅)-úsmis, Ce-(∅)-úsbʰis

Derived terms

Category Proto-Indo-European adjectives suffixed with *-wṓs not found

*bʰe-bʰr-usih₂
- Proto-Germanic: *bērusjaz (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: -us (past half-participle)
- Lithuanian: [Term?] (past active participle)
- Proto-Slavic: *-vъ (past active participle)
Proto-Hellenic: *-wṓs
- Ancient Greek: -ώς (-ṓs) (with innovated t-stem)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wā́s
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: -वांस् (vā́ṃs)
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Avestan: -𐬎𐬱 (-uš)
Proto-Italic: *-wōs (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: -u

References

Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 98
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 33, 40
Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2130