Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bak-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bak-[1]

  1. peg, club

Reconstruction notes

Various points suggest a post-Indo-European borrowing from an unknown source:

  • The phoneme *b, which is rare and of somewhat doubtful status.
  • The consistent occurrence of *a.
  • The alternation between *k and geminate *kk across the descendants.

According to Oxford's Introduction to proto-Indo-European,[2] the initial *b- may have been due to the informal ("popular") nature of the term. Kroonen[3] and De Vaan[4] reconstruct no Proto-Indo-European form at all.

A family of comparable forms exists in Afroasiatic, including[5] Arabic [script needed] (b-k-k, “to break in pieces”) Proto-Chadic *ɓak- (“to break”), Cushitic: Afar bakaq (“to split open”), Gawwada [script needed] (b'abb'aqs-, “to chop”), Tsamai [script needed] (b'aaqas-, “to split”).

Derived terms

  • *bak-o-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas
      • Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”)[6] (possibly)
  • *bakk-o-s
  • *bak-sḱ- (possibly)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)[4]
      • ⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)
  • *bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m
  • *bak-yéh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *pagjō

References

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246
  3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*pagila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67
  5. ^ Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126)‎[2], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.
  6. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  7. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194
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