Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷóteros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*kʷóteros (non-ablauting)^[1]^[2]

which (of two)?

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kʷóteros	*kʷótereh₂
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*kʷótereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷóteros	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroes
vocative	*kʷótere	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroes
accusative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroms
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*?	*kʷóteroHom
ablative	*kʷóteread	*?	kʷóteromos, kʷóterobʰos
dative	*kʷóteroey	*?	kʷóteromos, kʷóterobʰos
locative	kʷóterey, kʷóteroy	*?	*kʷóteroysu
instrumental	*kʷóteroh₁	*?	*kʷóterōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷótereh₂	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂es
vocative	*kʷótereh₂	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂es
accusative	*kʷóterām	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂m̥s
genitive	*kʷótereh₂s	*?	*kʷótereh₂oHom
ablative	*kʷótereh₂s	*?	kʷótereh₂mos, kʷótereh₂bʰos
dative	*kʷótereh₂ey	*?	kʷótereh₂mos, kʷótereh₂bʰos
locative	kʷótereh₂, kʷótereh₂i	*?	*kʷótereh₂su
instrumental	*kʷótereh₂h₁	*?	kʷótereh₂mis, kʷótereh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
vocative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
accusative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*?	*kʷóteroHom
ablative	*kʷóteread	*?	kʷóteromos, kʷóterobʰos
dative	*kʷóteroey	*?	kʷóteromos, kʷóterobʰos
locative	kʷóterey, kʷóteroy	*?	*kʷóteroysu
instrumental	*kʷóteroh₁	*?	*kʷóterōys

Descendants

>? Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: որ (or, “which?”)^[2]
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras^[3]^[4]
- Latgalian: kotrys
- Latvian: katrs
- Lithuanian: katràs, kataràs
- Proto-Slavic: *koterъjь, *kotorъjь (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:
- ⇒ Old Irish: nechtar (“one of two”) (+ *ne- (“not”), with denegativisation as in nech (“someone”))
Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz^[1]^[5] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros^[6]
- Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)
- Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *katarás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás
  - Sanskrit: कतर (katará)
- Proto-Iranian: *katarás
  - Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)
    Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid
Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros^[7] (see there for further descendants)
Messapic: koteras

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “*k^u̯ó-teró-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*koterъ, *kotorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 240
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “katras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “weer6”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1226
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “uter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 646-647

[PIEPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95

[LIPP-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “*k^u̯ó-teró-”

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*koterъ, *kotorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 240

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “katras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232

[5] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “weer6”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1226

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “uter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 646-647

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