Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peg-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *peg-[1][2][3][4]

    1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
      1. side, flank (of the abdomen), hip
      2. shoulder, armpit; (by extension?) corner, crevice
      3. abdomen
      4. loins

    Reconstruction notes

    • Disputed. Only a handful of descendants supposedly preserve the voicing of coda *g, while others are assumed to have devoiced it before *s or *t.
    • The Old Irish and Latin words (both meaning “breast”) are often excluded; Adams suggests that they are “[p]erhaps more distantly related” to this set, which otherwise represents only the more eastern, satem branches of Indo-European. De Vaan is doubtful on semantic grounds. Note also that the Latin pectus with its short e would be an exception to Lachmann's law.
    • Not the source of Tocharian A päśśäṃ (“breast”), for which see *pstḗn.[5]

    Extensions

    • ? *peg-s- [*peks-]
    • ? *peg-t- [*pekt-] (alternatively a different root *pek(t)- (“breast”)?[2])

    Derived terms

    • *pog-es- (s-stem)
      • ⇒? *pog-es-yo-
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
            • Sanskrit: पाजस्य n (pājasyá-, “belly (of an animal), abdomen; flank, side”)
        • ⇒? *pog-s-i-s[2]
          • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
            • Latvian: paksis (“corner of a house”)
      • ⇒? *pog-s-ó-s, *pok-s-ó-s[2]
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pakšás (“shoulder, wing, flank, side”)
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pakṣás
            • Sanskrit: पक्ष (pakṣá) (see there for further descendants)
          • Proto-Iranian:
            • Ossetian: фахс (faxs, “side”)
    • ? *pég-t-os ~ *pég-t-es-os (s-stem with t-suffix)
      • Proto-Italic: *pektos
        • >? Latin: pectus (“breast”, gen.sg.: pectoris) (see there for further descendants)
    • ? *peg-tu-s, *pog-tu-s
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸextus, *ɸoxtus
        • >? Old Irish: ucht (“breast, chest”) (with vowel assimilation?)
          • Middle Irish: ucht
            • Irish: ucht
            • Manx: ught
            • Scottish Gaelic: uchd
    • *pōg-yo-[2]
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Armenian:
        • >? Old Armenian: հակ (hak, “bale, bag”)[6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *paxу[4]

    References

    1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(peg-:) pog- : pōg-, pŏk-s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 792
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 517–518: “SIDE”
    3. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 62
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vasmer, Max (1972) “пах”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volumes 3 (Муза – Сят), Moscow: Progress, page 220
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pectus, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
    6. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “Proto-Indo-European/peg-”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 439a
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