Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wréh₂ds

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*wréh₂ds f (oblique stem *wr̥h₂d-)

root

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*wréh₂ds
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wréh₂ds	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
vocative	*wréh₂d	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂des
accusative	*wréh₂dm̥	*wréh₂dh₁(e)	*wréh₂dm̥s
genitive	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	*wr̥h₂dóHom
ablative	*wr̥h₂dés	*?	wr̥h₂dmós, wr̥h₂dbʰós
dative	*wr̥h₂déy	*?	wr̥h₂dmós, wr̥h₂dbʰós
locative	wréh₂d, wréh₂di	*?	*wr̥h₂dsú
instrumental	*wr̥h₂déh₁	*?	wr̥h₂dmís, wr̥h₂dbʰís

Derived terms

*wréh₂d-ih₂ ~ wr̥h₂d-yéh₂s^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *wradī
  - Welsh: gwraidd
  - Cornish: gwreydh
  - Breton: gwriz
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῥᾱ́δῑξ (rhā́dīx, “branch”)
- Proto-Italic: *wrādīks
  - Latin: rādīx (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *wréh₂ds

Proto-Albanian: *wradnjā (< *wr̥h₂dnyo-)
- Albanian: rrënjë
Armenian:
- Middle Armenian: արգատ (argat, “superfluous branches cut off from vine and used for kindling”) (possibly)
Celtic:
- *wridmā < *wr̥d-m-
  - Old Irish: frém
    - Middle Irish: frém, prém
      - Irish: fréamh, préamh
      - Manx: fraue
      - Scottish Gaelic: freumh
  - Middle Welsh: greðyf
    - Welsh: greddf (“instinct”)
- *wridnā < *wr̥d-n-
  - Old Irish: frén
Proto-Germanic: *wirtiz, *wrōts (genitive *wurtiz)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ῥίζα (rhíza) (< *wredih₂-)
Indo-Iranian:
- Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (raēša)
    - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (rēšag)
      - Persian: ریشه (rêša)
  - Northern Kurdish: reh, reg (“root”), regez (“gender; race”)
  - Zazaki: rêçıke, riçıke (“root”)
Italic: *wradyos
- Latin: radius (see there for further descendants)
Italic: *wrādmos
- Latin: rāmus (see there for further descendants)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: witsako (< *wr̥di-k-eh₂, with loss of -r-)

References

^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 75

[1] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 75

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