Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wišás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-European *wisós.

    Noun

    *wišás m

    1. poison, venom

    Declension

    masculine a-stem
    singular dual plural
    nominative *wišás *wišā́(w) *wišā́s(as)
    vocative *wíša *wíšā(w) *wíšās(as)
    accusative *wišám *wišā́(w) *wišā́ns
    instrumental *wišáH *wišáybʰyā(m) *wišā́yš
    ablative *wišā́t *wišáybʰyā(m) *wišáybʰyas
    dative *wišā́y *wišáybʰyā(m) *wišáybʰyas
    genitive *wišásya *wišáyās *wišā́naHam
    locative *wišáy *wišáyaw *wišáyšu

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíṣas
      • Sanskrit: वि॒ष (viṣá) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *wíšah
      • Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬀 (viša)
        • → Persian: ویش (viš, “virus”)
      • Old Persian:
        • Middle Persian:
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (w(y)š /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫢 (wyš /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
          • Classical Persian: بِیش (bīš, “poison”), گُش (guš, “bile, phlegm; poison”)
    • Proto-Nuristani: *wī́ša (< earlier *wī́sa < *wíHsas)
      • Northern Nuristani:
        • Kamkata-viri:
          Kamviri: víš
          Kativiri: víš
        • Prasuni: ǘšu
      • Southern Nuristani:
        • Ashkun: yós
        • Waigali: viš
    • → Proto-Uralic: *wiša (“poison, gall, green”)[1]
      • Western Mari: ыжар (yžar, “green”)
      • Eastern Mari: ужар (užar, “green”)
      • Proto-Mordvinic:
        • Erzya: ожо (ožo, “yellow”)
      • Proto-Permic:
      • Proto-Finnic: *viha (“poison”), *viherä (“green”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
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