Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/fragaHwah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *gaHwah (“an increase”).^[1]^[2]

Noun

*fragaHwah m^[3]^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

profit, benefit

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*fragaHwah	*fragaHwā(w)	*fragaHwāh(ah)
vocative	*fragaHwa	*fragaHwā(w)	*fragaHwāh(ah)
accusative	*fragaHwam	*fragaHwā(w)	*fragaHwānh
instrumental	*fragaHwaH	*fragaHwaybʰyā(m)	*fragaHwāyš
ablative	*fragaHwāt	*fragaHwaybʰyā(m)	*fragaHwaybʰyah
dative	*fragaHwāy	*fragaHwaybʰyā(m)	*fragaHwaybʰyah
genitive	*fragaHwahya	*fragaHwayāh	*fragaHwānaHam
locative	*fragaHway	*fragaHwayaw	*fragaHwayšu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Ossetian: (“herd, flock”)
  Digor Ossetian: ӕргъау (ærǧaw)
  
  Iron Ossetian: рӕгъау (ræǧaw)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: (/⁠frəɣāw⁠/, “profit”)
    Greek script: φρογαοο (frogaoo)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫜𐫡𐫃𐫀𐫇 (frgʾw)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] m (šɣ’wcyk, “profit”)
    - ⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (šɣ’wyd’n, “to create treasure”)
  - Sogdian: 𐼾𐽀𐼲𐼰𐼴 (prɣʾw /⁠fraɣāw, farɣāw⁠/, “wealth, riches”)
    - ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼾𐽀𐼲𐼰𐼴𐼿𐼷 (prɣʾwcy /⁠fraɣāwčī⁠/, “profit, benefit”)
    - ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼾𐽀𐼲𐼰𐼴𐼻 (prɣʾwn /⁠fraɣāwn⁠/, “means”)
- → Tocharian: (“benefit, advantage, profit”)^[9]
  - Tocharian A: pärko
  - Tocharian B: pärkāᵤ
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫜𐫡𐫃𐫀𐫇 (frgʾw /⁠fargāw, fraɣāw⁠/, “wealth, treasure”)
  - →? Old Armenian: պարգև (pargew, “gift, prize”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gau (*ǰau)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 112-113
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) “*⁴gau- : gu-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 226-228: “*fra-gāu̯a-”
^ Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 217: “*fra-gāu̯a-”
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “prɣʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 285: “*fragāva”
^ Benzing, Johannes (1983) “šɣ’wcyk”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, page 595: “*fra-gāwa-”
^ Henning, W. B. (1971) “šγ’weyk”, in MacKenzie, D. N., editor, A Fragment of a Khwarezmian Dictionary (Tehran University. Publication no. 1317), London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN, page 47: “*fra-gāwa-”
^ Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 230: “*fra-gāwa-”
^ Gholami, Saloumeh (2014) Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (Göttinger Orientforschungen, III. Reihe: Iranica. Neue Folge; 12)‎^[1], Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 24: “*fra-gāwa-”
^ Pinault, Georges-Jean (2002) “Tocharian and Indo-Iranian: Relations between Two Linguistic Areas”, in Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples (Proceedings of the British Academy; 116), volume 41, Oxford: British Academy, →ISBN, page 265

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gau (*ǰau)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 112-113

[ESIJa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) “*⁴gau- : gu-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 226-228: “*fra-gāu̯a-”

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 217: “*fra-gāu̯a-”

[4] Gharib, B. (1995) “prɣʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 285: “*fragāva”

[5] Benzing, Johannes (1983) “šɣ’wcyk”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, page 595: “*fra-gāwa-”

[6] Henning, W. B. (1971) “šγ’weyk”, in MacKenzie, D. N., editor, A Fragment of a Khwarezmian Dictionary (Tehran University. Publication no. 1317), London: Lund Humphries, →ISBN, page 47: “*fra-gāwa-”

[7] Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 230: “*fra-gāwa-”

[8] Gholami, Saloumeh (2014) Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar (Göttinger Orientforschungen, III. Reihe: Iranica. Neue Folge; 12)‎^[1], Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 24: “*fra-gāwa-”

[9] Pinault, Georges-Jean (2002) “Tocharian and Indo-Iranian: Relations between Two Linguistic Areas”, in Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples (Proceedings of the British Academy; 116), volume 41, Oxford: British Academy, →ISBN, page 265

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