Reconstruction:Proto-Mongolic/ǰirguxan

This Proto-Mongolic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Mongolic

Proto-Mongolic cardinal numbers
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    Cardinal : *ǰirguxan

Etymology

Suggested to be a compound of *ǰir- (“two”) +‎ *guxa/n (“three”), *ǰir- being the original cardinal number for 'two', and *gurba/n for 'three' being the latter component, evidenced by Middle Mongol ᠵᠢᠷᠢᠨ (ǰirin) being used to count two of female beings in the Secret History, Khitan 𘲝 (jur, “two”), and Tungusic teen numeral borrowings from a Mongolic-related language such as Jurchen 只兒歡 (*dʒïrxon, “twelve”) suggesting different original numerals in Pre-Proto-Mongolic.

If it is indeed an innovation, the original Pre-Proto-Mongolic root may have been *nil, as suggested by the Jurchen-Manchu borrowings such as Jurchen 泥渾 (*nixun, “sixteen”) and Jin Dynasty Jurchen 女鲁 (*niol, “six”) and Manchu ᠨᡳᠣᠯᡥᡠᠨ (niolhun, “the sixteenth day of the first month”).

Compare Khitan 𘭬 (“six”).

Numeral

*ǰirguxan

  1. six
  • *ǰiran (“sixty”)

See also

  • *gurban (“three”)
  • *koyar (“two”)

Descendants

  • Middle Mongol:
    • Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (ǰirɣug-a)
    • Arabic: جيرڴان (jyrǧân) (Muqaddimat)
    • Chinese: 着羅案 (jir(u)wan) (Beilu Yiyu)
    • Phags-pa: ꡆꡞꡘꡢꡡꡖꡋ (jirqo'a:n)
  • Mongolian:
    • Classical: ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (ǰirɣug-a)
    • Khalkha Mongolian: зургаа (zurgaa)
    • Ordos: /ǰurġa:/
  • Oirat:
    • Kalmyk: зурһан (zurğan)
    • Written: ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (ᠵᠢrᠭᠤᠭ-a)
  • Buryat: зургаан (zurgaan)
  • Daur: ǰirɣɔ:
  • East Yugur: d͡ʒurɢu:n
  • Monguor:
    • Mangghuer: jierghuang
    • Mongghul: jirighun
  • Bonan: tɕərʁoŋ
  • Kangjia: ǰirğuŋ
  • Dongxiang: dʐʃʁuɔ̃
  • Mogholi: ǰurɣɒ:n

References

  • Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎[1], Utrecht: LOT, pages 387-8
  • The template Template:R:Fried 2010 does not use the parameter(s): 
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