Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/g-raŋ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gljang (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m/s-glak ⪤ *m-glaŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *graŋ (Benedict, 1972); *grɑŋ (Chou, 1972); *graŋ ⪤ glaŋ ⪤ m/ʔ-glak (Matisoff, 2003)

→ Also, compare the following word family in Chinese, of unknown origin:

B-S ZS Def.
冰 (bīng) /*p.rəŋ/ > (dial.) /*pr-/ /*p-ŋrɯŋ/ "ice"
凝 (níng) /*ŋ(r)əŋ/ < uvular? /*ŋrɯŋ/ "to freeze, to form; ice"
凌 /*p.rəŋ/ /*rɯŋ/ "ice"

Adjective

*g-raŋ

  1. cold
  2. freeze

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: /*raŋ/ (root)
    涼 / 凉 (*C.raŋ, *C.raŋ-s (B-S); *g·raŋ, *g·raŋ-s (ZS), “cold; light, weak”)
    (vocalic variant) 冷 (*(g-)raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ (ZS), “cold”)
    (s-noun) 霜 (*sraŋ (B-S; ZS), “hoarfrost”)
    • Middle Chinese: 涼 / 凉 (lɨɐŋ, lɨɐŋH), 冷 (lɣæŋX, leŋ, leŋX), 霜 (ʃɨɐŋ)

      → Vietnamese: lạnh ("cold")
      Vietnamese: sương ("dew")

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing:
          涼 / 凉 (liáng, /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/) ("cool")
          晾 (liàng) (liàng, /li̯ɑŋ⁵¹/) ("to make ... cold, to make ... dry")
          冷 (lěng, /lɤŋ²¹⁴/) ("cold")
          霜 (shuāng) (shuāng, /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/) ("frost")
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Tibetan: གྲང་བ (grang ba, “cold, cool, to get cold”)

See also

  • *kjam (“cold, snow, ice”)
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