Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-kul

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: xwjul (Coblin, 1986)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: s-kul (Matisoff, STEDT)

In Chinese words belonging to this root appear only as prefixed or suffixed forms. Old Chinese 訓 (OC *qʰuns, “to instruct”) has the exoactive suffix *-s. Also, 順 (OC *ɢljuns, “to agree; to be docile”) is quite possibly related to 循 (OC *ljun, “to follow”) and 馴 (OC *sɢljun, “to follow”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Verb

*s-kul

to instruct, explain, admonish

Descendants

Old Chinese:
訓 / 训 (xùn) /*l̥un-s/ (dial. *l̥- > *x-) (B-S), /*qʰuns/ (ZS) ("to instruct")

順 / 顺 (shùn) /*Cə.lun-s/ (B-S), /*ɢljuns/ (ZS) ("to be agreeable, docile"); 循 (xún) /*sə.lun/ (B-S), /*ljun/ (ZS) ("to follow"); 馴 / 驯 (xùn) /*sə.lun/ (B-S), /*sɢljun/ (ZS) ("to follow")
- Middle Chinese:
  訓 / 训 (xjunH /⁠hɨun^H⁠/, “to instruct”)
  
  順 / 顺 (zywinH /⁠ʑiuɪnH⁠/, “to be agreeable”); 循 (zwin /⁠ziuɪn⁠/, “to follow”); 馴 / 驯 (zwin /⁠ziuɪn⁠/, “to follow”)
  - Modern Mandarin
    - Beijing: 訓 / 训 (xùn, /ɕyn⁵¹/, “to instruct”); 順 / 顺 (shùn, /ʂu̯ən⁵¹/, “to be agreeable”); 循 (xún, /ɕyn³⁵/, “to follow”); 馴 / 驯 (xún, /ɕyn⁵¹/, “to follow”)
  - Yue
    - Cantonese: 訓 / 训 (/fɐn³³/, “to instruct”); 順 / 顺 (/sɵn²²/, “to be agreeable”); 循 (/t͡ɕʰɵn²¹/, “to follow”); 馴 / 驯 (/sɵn²¹/, “to follow”)
- Min Nan
  - Xiamen: 訓 / 训 (/hun²¹/, “to instruct”); 順 / 顺 (/sun²²/, “to be agreeable”); 循 (/sun²⁴/, “to follow”); 馴 / 驯 (/sun²⁴/, “to follow”)
Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
  - Bodic
    - Tibetan
      - Tibetan: སྐུལ་བ (skul ba, “to exhort”); བསྐུལ་བ (bskul ba, “to urge; exhortation”)