Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/grakati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin.^[1] Compare Latin grāculus (“jackdaw”), English croak.

Verb

*gràkati^[2]

to caw, croak

Conjugation

Conjugation of *grakati, *graka, *grakajetь (?, -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*grakanьje	*grakati	*grakatъ	*grakalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*grakanъ	*grakajemъ
Active	*grakavъ	*grakaję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*grakaxъ	*graka	*graka	*grakajǫ	*grakaješi	*grakajetь
Dual	*grakaxově	*grakasta	*grakaste	*grakajevě	*grakajeta	*grakajete
Plural	*grakaxomъ	*grakaste	*grakašę	*grakajemъ	*grakajete	*grakajǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*grakaaxъ	*grakaaše	*grakaaše	—	*grakaji	*grakaji
Dual	*grakaaxově	*grakaašeta	*grakaašete	*grakajivě	*grakajita	—
Plural	*grakaaxomъ	*grakaašete	*grakaaxǫ	*grakajimъ	*grakajite	—

Alternative forms

kràkati

Derived terms

*grakъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: гракати (grakati)
  - Russian: гра́кать (grákatʹ) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  - Church Slavonic (Russian recension): гракати (grakati)
- Bulgarian: гра́кам (grákam)
- Macedonian: грака (graka)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: гра́кати
  
  Latin script: grákati
- Slovene: grȃkati (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Polish: grakać (dialectal)
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: grakaś

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “383-85”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 383-85.
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “v. ‘caw, croak’”

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “383-85”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 383-85.

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “v. ‘caw, croak’”

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