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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krantás (“sheer, precipitous”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, to crook”) + *-ǫtъ. Substantivized as Lithuanian krañtas (“bank, shore”), dial. Latvian krañts (“edge, bank”) within Baltic (cf. derivative Old East Slavic крꙋча (kruča, “steep, precipice”) < *krǫťa).
Adjective
*krǫ̑tъ[1][2][3]
- winding, steep, abrupt (of shape)
- Synonyms: *prikrъ, *strьmъ
- (by abstraction) severe, harsh (of condition)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *krǫtъ (hard, accent paradigm c)
| singular
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫtъ
|
*krǫta
|
*krǫto
|
| genitive
|
*krǫta
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫta
|
| dative
|
*krǫtu
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtu
|
| accusative
|
*krǫtъ
|
*krǫtǫ
|
*krǫto
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫtomь
|
*krǫtojǫ
|
*krǫtomь
|
| locative
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtě
|
| vocative
|
*krǫte
|
*krǫto
|
*krǫto
|
| dual
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫta
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtě
|
| genitive
|
*krǫtu
|
*krǫtu
|
*krǫtu
|
| dative
|
*krǫtoma
|
*krǫtama
|
*krǫtoma
|
| accusative
|
*krǫta
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtě
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫtoma
|
*krǫtama
|
*krǫtoma
|
| locative
|
*krǫtu
|
*krǫtu
|
*krǫtu
|
| vocative
|
*krǫta
|
*krǫtě
|
*krǫtě
|
| plural
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫti
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫta
|
| genitive
|
*krǫtъ
|
*krǫtъ
|
*krǫtъ
|
| dative
|
*krǫtomъ
|
*krǫtamъ
|
*krǫtomъ
|
| accusative
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫta
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫtami
|
*krǫty
|
| locative
|
*krǫtěxъ
|
*krǫtaxъ
|
*krǫtěxъ
|
| vocative
|
*krǫti
|
*krǫty
|
*krǫta
|
Definite declension of *krǫtъ (hard, accent paradigm c)
| singular
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫtъjь
|
*krǫtaja
|
*krǫtoje
|
| genitive
|
*krǫtajego
|
*krǫtyję̇
|
*krǫtajego
|
| dative
|
*krǫtujemu
|
*krǫtěji
|
*krǫtujemu
|
| accusative
|
*krǫtъjь
|
*krǫtǫjǫ
|
*krǫtoje
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫtyjimь
|
*krǫtǫjǫ
|
*krǫtyjimь
|
| locative
|
*krǫtějemь
|
*krǫtěji
|
*krǫtějemь
|
| vocative
|
*krǫtъjь
|
*krǫtaja
|
*krǫtoje
|
| dual
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫtaja
|
*krǫtěji
|
*krǫtěji
|
| genitive
|
*krǫtuju
|
*krǫtuju
|
*krǫtuju
|
| dative
|
*krǫtyjima
|
*krǫtyjima
|
*krǫtyjima
|
| accusative
|
*krǫtaja
|
*krǫtěji
|
*krǫtěji
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫtyjima
|
*krǫtyjima
|
*krǫtyjima
|
| locative
|
*krǫtuju
|
*krǫtuju
|
*krǫtuju
|
| vocative
|
*krǫtaja
|
*krǫtěji
|
*krǫtěji
|
| plural
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*krǫtiji
|
*krǫtyję̇
|
*krǫtaja
|
| genitive
|
*krǫtъjixъ
|
*krǫtъjixъ
|
*krǫtъjixъ
|
| dative
|
*krǫtyjimъ
|
*krǫtyjimъ
|
*krǫtyjimъ
|
| accusative
|
*krǫtyję̇
|
*krǫtyję̇
|
*krǫtaja
|
| instrumental
|
*krǫtyjimi
|
*krǫtyjimi
|
*krǫtyjimi
|
| locative
|
*krǫtyjixъ
|
*krǫtyjixъ
|
*krǫtyjixъ
|
| vocative
|
*krǫtiji
|
*krǫtyję̇
|
*krǫtaja
|
Derived terms
- *krǫtiti (“to turn, to twist”), *krǫtati (“to kink, to crook; to harshen”)
- *krǫtа (resultant noun)
- *krǫticа (“kinky structure (forest, decoration, tie)”)
- *krǫtina, *krǫtizna, *krǫtostь (abstract nouns)
- *krǫťa (“cliff, steep”) (in East Slavic)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: крꙋтꙑи (krutyi)
- Middle Russian: крутой (krutoj)
- Russian: круто́й (krutój)
- → Bulgarian: крут (krut, “drastic, serious”) (formal)
- Old Ruthenian: крутый (krutyj)[4]
- Belarusian: круты́ (krutý); круты́й (krutýj) (dialectal)
- Carpathian Rusyn: круты́й (krutŷ́j)
- Ukrainian: крути́й (krutýj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic script: крѫтъ (krǫtŭ)
- Glagolitic script: ⰽⱃⱘⱅⱏ (krǫtŭ)
- Bulgarian: крут (krut, “sharp, coarse”) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: крут (krut)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: кру̑т
- Latin script: krȗt
- → Slovene: krȗt (standard)
- Slovene: krọ̑t (obsolete)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: krutý
- Old Polish: kręty
- Polish: kręty; kryͤnti (dialectal)
- Slovak: krutý
- Pannonian Rusyn: крути (kruti)
- Slovincian: krãty
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: kruty
- Lower Sorbian: kšutу
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “круто́й”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*krǫtъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 33
- The template Template:R:be:ESBM does not use the parameter(s):
url=kruty
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Martynaŭ, V. U., editor (1989), “круты́”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volumes 5 (ка́яць – ліпя́нка), Minsk: Navuka i technika
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “крут”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 29
- “krantas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*krǫ̑tъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252: “adj. o (c)”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “krǫtъ krǫta krǫto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c stejl, voldsom (SA 109, 188; PR 138)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “krut”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *krǫ̑tъ”
- ^ The template Template:R:zle-mbe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s):
url=krutyj
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Bulyka, A. M., editor (1997), “крутый”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 16 (коржъ – лесничанка), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 186