Reconstruction:Proto-South Dravidian/cām-

This Proto-South Dravidian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-South Dravidian

Noun

*cām-

tortoise, turtle

Descendants

*yām-ay < cām-ay
- Southern:
  - Southern I:
    - Tamil-Kannada:
      - Irula: ஏமெ (ēme)
      - Kannadoid:
        Badaga: ಆಮೆ (āme), ஆமெ
        
        Kannada: ಆಮೆ (āme), ಆವೆ (āve), ಏವೆ (ēve), ಏಮೆ (ēme)
        
        Jennu Kurumba: [script needed] (ā̃we)
      - Kodava: ಆಮೆ (āme)
      - Tamil-Malayalam:
        Aranadan: ആമെ
        
        Kurichiya: ഞാമ (ñāma)
        
        Malayalam: ആമ (āma)
        
        Tamil: ஆமை (āmai), யாமை (yāmai) — dated
    - Tulu: ಏಮೆ (ēme)
- Southern II:
  - Gondi: యామోల్ (yāmōl)

*tām-p < cām-p
- Southern:
  - Southern I:
    - Kannada: ತಾಬೇಲು (tābēlu), ತಾಂಬೇಲು (tāmbēlu), ಆಲ್ವೆ (ālve)
  - Southern II:
    - Konda-Dora: తాంబెల్ (tāmbel)
    - Kuvi: ତାମ୍ବେଲି (tambeli)
    - Telugu: తాబేలు (tābēlu), తామేలు (tāmēlu)

*cām-
- Southern:
  - Southern I:
    - Kota (India): ஏம் (ēm), ஏம்ப் (ēmp)
  - Southern II:
    - Gondi: హేముల్ (hēmul), ఏముల్ (ēmul), సమెల్ (samel), హముల్ (hamul), హెమూల్ (hemūl), ఎమిలె (emile)
    - Pengo-Kui:
      - Pengo: ହାମଣ୍ (hamoṇ)
      - Kui (India): ସେମ୍ବି (sembi)
      - Kuvi: ହେମ୍ବି (hembi)

References

Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 531.
Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) “5155”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.
Subrahmanyam, P.S. (2011) A Supplement to Dravidian etymological dictionary, Chennai : Central Institute of Classical Tamil, page 157.