Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/xöre

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Alternative reconstructions

*xöre (per Janhunen, Benzing)
*xurē (per EDAL)

Etymology

Cognates found in Northern and Central Tungusic are well established, however those in Jurchen and Manchu are somewhat difficult to reconcile phonetically. Some hypotheses postulate a Chukotko-Kamchatkan influence in Southern Tungusic. Compare for instance Chukchi выквын (wəkwən, “stone”), Koryak выввын (wəwwən, “stone”) and Itelmen вач (vač, “rock”), from Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *ɣəv(ɣəv) (“stone”).^[1]

Noun

*xöre

Declension

Declension of *xöre

	Singular
Nominative	*xöre
Accusative	*xörebe
Genitive	*xöreŋī
Dative	*xöredüe
Locative	*xörelē
Ablative	*xörediki
Prolative	*xöreli
Elative	*xöregiʒi
Instrumental	*xöreʒi
Delative	*xörelēki
Directive	*xöretiki
Comitative	*xöregili

Descendants

(?) Jurchenic: *ure
- Jurchen: 兀黑 (wu-hei /⁠uhe⁠/, “stone”)
  - Manchu: ᠸᡝᡥᡝ (wehe, “stone”)
Tungusic:
- Northern Tungusic:
  - Evenki: урэ (urə)
  - Even: урэкчэн (urəkcən)
  - Negidal: уйэ̄ (uje)
  - Oroqen: urə
- Southern Tungusic:
  - Central:
    - Oroch: увэ (uwe), уэ (ue)
    - Udihe: вэ (we), уэ (ue)
  - South-Eastern:
    - Nanai: хурэ̄н (xurēn)
    - Orok: хурэ (xure)
    - Ulch: хурэ (xure)

References

^ Vovin, Alexander (2006) “Why Manchu and Jurchen Look So Un-Tungusic”, in Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Janhunen and Michael Weiers, editors, Tumen jalafun secen aku. Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pages 255-266.

Benzing, Johannes (1955) Die tungusischen Sprachen. Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse; 11) (in German), Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, page 21
Cincius, V. I. (1977) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Leningrad: Nauka, page 289
Vovin, Alexander, Janhunen, Juha, de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2023) The Tungusic Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Abingdon: Routledge, page 42
Kane, Daniel (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 161.
Fortescue, Michael (2005) Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan dictionary (Trends in Linguistic Documentation; 23), Berlin – New York: de Gruyter, →ISBN.

[1] Vovin, Alexander (2006) “Why Manchu and Jurchen Look So Un-Tungusic”, in Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Janhunen and Michael Weiers, editors, Tumen jalafun secen aku. Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pages 255-266.

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