Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/xülme

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Alternative reconstructions

*xürme (per Kazama)

Noun

*xülme

needle

Declension

Declension of *xülme

	Singular
Nominative	*xülme
Accusative	*xülmebe
Genitive	*xülmeŋī
Dative	*xülmedüe
Locative	*xülmelē
Ablative	*xülmediki
Prolative	*xülmeli
Elative	*xülmegiʒi
Instrumental	*xülmeʒi
Delative	*xülmelēki
Directive	*xülmetiki
Comitative	*xülmegili

Descendants

Jurchenic:
- Jurchen: 兀墨 (ulme /⁠u-me⁠/)
  - Manchu: ᡠᠯᠮᡝ (ulme)
Tungusic:
- Northern Tungusic:
  - Even: инмэ (inmə)
  - Evenki: инмэ (inmə), илмэ (ilmə), иммэ (immə)
  - Negidal: инмэ (inme)
  - Oroqen: inmə
  - Solon: imme
- Southern Tungusic:
  - Central:
    - Oroch: иммэ (imme)
    - Udihe: иӈмэ (iŋme)
  - South-Eastern:
    - Nanai: хурмэ (hurme)
    - Orok: хулмэ (xulme)
    - Ulch: хулмэн (xulme(n)), хулмэ(н)

References

Vovin, Alexander, Janhunen, Juha, de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2023) The Tungusic Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Abingdon: Routledge, page 296
Cincius, V. I. (1975) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Leningrad: Nauka, page 316
Kane, Daniel (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 253.