Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*ărka
*ārka

Etymology

Connected to Proto-Mongolic *aru (“back, behind, North”), Proto-Tungusic *arkan (“back”). Compared to Proto-Turkic *ār-t (“back, behind”).

Noun

*arka

back

Declension

Declension of *arka
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*arka
accusative	arkag, arkanï¹⁾
genitive	*arkanïŋ
dative	*arkaka
locative	*arkada
ablative	*arkadan
allative	*arkagaru
instrumental ²⁾	*arkan
equative ²⁾	*arkača
similative ²⁾	*arkalayu
comitative ²⁾	*arkalïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- ⇒ Chuvash: урхалӑх (urh̬alăh)
Proto-Common Turkic: *arka

Arghu:
- Khalaj: arqa
Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *arka
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arqa)
    - Azerbaijani: arxa
      - → Persian: ارخا (arxâ)
      - → Khalaj: arxa
    - Gagauz: arka
    - Ottoman Turkish: آرقه (arka)
      - Turkish: arka
  - Salar: arqa
  - Turkmen: arka
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَرْقا (arqa)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arqa)
    - Chagatai: ارقا (arqa)
      - Uzbek: orqa
      - Uyghur: ئارقا (arqa)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: ارقا (arqa)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: арҡа (arqa)
    - Tatar: арка (arka)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: arqa
    - Karachay-Balkar: аркъа (arqa)
    - Karaim: [script needed] (arğa)
    - Kumyk: аркъа (arqa)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: арқа (arqa)
      - Karakalpak: arqa
      - Nogai: [script needed] (arqa)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: арка (arka)
      - Southern Altai: арка (arka)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰺‎𐰴 (r¹‎q /⁠arqa⁠/)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽲𐽰 (arqa)
  - Western Yugur: arqa
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: арҕаа (arğaa)
  - ⇒ Dolgan: [script needed] (argalaa)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: [script needed] (arğa, “mountain forest”)
  - Yenisei:
    - Shor: [script needed] (arğa)
    - Khakas: [script needed] (arğa)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ărka”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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