Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/süŋük

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*siŋ́ük (per Räsänen)
*siŋök (per EDAL)
*simgök > *siŋök (per Tenišev)
*süńg-ük (per Gülensoy)

Etymology

Potentially from *süŋ- +‎ *-ük.

Noun

*süŋük

(anatomy) bone
Coordinate terms: *kemük (“cartilage”), *saka (“knucklebone”), *kar (“shin bone of an animal”), *ašuk (“ankebone”), *yẹ̄nčik (“shin bone”)

Declension

Declension of *süŋük
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*süŋük
accusative	süŋüküg, süŋükni¹⁾
genitive	*süŋüknüŋ
dative	*süŋükke
locative	*süŋükde
ablative	*süŋükden
allative	*süŋükgerü
instrumental ²⁾	*süŋükün
equative ²⁾	*süŋükče
similative ²⁾	*süŋükleyü
comitative ²⁾	*süŋüklügü

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: шӑмӑ (šămă)
Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:
- Khalaj: simük
Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: سكوك (süŋük)
    - Azerbaijani: sümük
    - Ottoman Turkish: سوموك (sümük)
      - Turkish: sümük
- East Oghuz:
  - Salar: sinik
  - Turkmen: süňk
Kipchak:
- North Kicphak:
  - Bashkir: һөйәк (höyək)
  - Tatar: сөяк (söyak)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: süyek
  - Karachay-Balkar: сюек (süyek)
  - Kumyk: сюек (süyek)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: su'yek
  - Kazakh: сүйек (süiek)
  - Nogai: суьек (süyek)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: сөөк (söök)
  - Southern Altai: сӧӧк (söök)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: سُنْکُکْ (/⁠süŋük⁠/)
  - Chagatai: سونکوک (süŋük)
    - Uyghur: سۆڭەك (sö'ngek)
    - Uzbek: suyak
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: оӈуок (oñuok)
  - Yakut: уҥуох (uñuoq)
- Southe Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: сөөк (söök)
    - Tuvan: сөөк (söök)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Chulym: сӧӧк (söök)
    - Khakas: сӧӧк (söök)
    - Northern Altai: сӧӧк (söök)
    - Shor: сӧӧк (söök)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “süŋük”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 838-839
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 437
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, pages 260-261
Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), Moscow, 1974–
Gülensoy, Tuncer (2007) “Proto-Turkic/süŋük”, in Türkiye Türkcesindeki Türkçe Sözcüklerin Köken Bilgisi Sözlüğü (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 820