Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bifūlijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *bi- +‎ *fūlijan.

Verb

*bifūlijan

to make dirty, befoul

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*bifūlijan
1st sg. past	*bifūlidā
Infinitive	*bifūlijan
Genitive infin.	*bifūlijannjas
Dative infin.	*bifūlijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*bifūlijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*bifūliju	*bifūlidā
2nd singular	*bifūlisi	bifūlidēs, bifūlidōs
3rd singular	*bifūliþi	bifūlidē, bifūlidā
1st plural	*bifūlijum	*bifūlidum
2nd plural	*bifūliþ	*bifūlidud
3rd plural	*bifūlijanþ	*bifūlidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*bifūlijē	*bifūlidī
2nd singular	*bifūlijēs	*bifūlidī
3rd singular	*bifūlijē	*bifūlidī
1st plural	*bifūlijēm	*bifūlidīm
2nd plural	*bifūlijēþ	*bifūlidīd
3rd plural	*bifūlijēn	*bifūlidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*bifūli
Plural	*bifūliþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*bifūlijandī	*bifūlid

Descendants

Old English: befȳlan
- Middle English: befilen, befulen
  - English: befile
  - Scots: befyle, befile
  - ⇒ Middle English: defilen (through interference from Middle English defoulen)
    - English: defile
    - Scots: defyle, defile
Old Saxon: *bifūlian
- Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen
  - German Low German: befulen
Old Dutch: *bifūlen
- Middle Dutch: bevulen
  - Dutch: bevuilen
  - →? West Frisian: befûlje