Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dungijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *dungu (“manure”) +‎ *-jan.[1]

Verb

*dungijan

  1. to fertilize
  2. to irrigate

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive *dungijan
1st sg. past *dungidā
Infinitive *dungijan
Genitive infin. *dungijannjas
Dative infin. *dungijannjē
Instrum. infin. *dungijannju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *dungiju *dungidā
2nd singular *dungisi *dungidēs, *dungidōs
3rd singular *dungiþi *dungidē, *dungidā
1st plural *dungijum *dungidum
2nd plural *dungiþ *dungidud
3rd plural *dungijanþ *dungidun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *dungijē *dungidī
2nd singular *dungijēs *dungidī
3rd singular *dungijē *dungidī
1st plural *dungijēm *dungidīm
2nd plural *dungijēþ *dungidīd
3rd plural *dungijēn *dungidīn
Imperative Present
Singular *dungi
Plural *dungiþ
Present Past
Participle *dungijandī *dungid
  • *dungōn

Derived terms

  • *bidungijan
    • Old English: *bedynġan
      • Middle English: bidingen, bedungen, bydyngen
    • Old Frisian: *bidenga, *bidonga
      • ⇒ West Frisian: bedongje (Class 2 weak verb)
      • ⇒ West Frisian: onbidonge, ûnbedonge
    • Old Saxon: *bidungian
      • Middle Low German: bedüngen
    • Old Dutch: *bidungen
    • Old High German: *bitungen
      • Middle High German: betungen
        • German: bedüngen

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*dunga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109: “*dungjan-”
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